醫學 | COVID-19 ARDS 呼吸器設定:肺保護通氣 Ventilator Management: Lung Protective Ventilation

Munir
貓熊異想 Panda’s Whimsy
13 min readJun 7, 2021
本文為醫學讀書筆記
來源皆取自於教科書、論文、UpToDate 等學術資料,實際情況請依臨床醫事人員專業判斷為準

目次

  1. 簡介
  2. ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫症候群
  3. 肺保護通氣 Lung Protective Ventilation (LPV)
    - 證據等級
    - 執行理由
    - 呼吸器參數目標
    - 調整大略方針
    - Ventilation Card
  4. 附件:PBW(預測體重)
  5. 參考文獻

簡介

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019, 嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎, 新冠肺炎) 如發展至重症,多半都將演變成高死亡率的 ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 急性呼吸窘迫症候群),而需要氣管內插管使用呼吸器以維持生命。
ARDS 死亡率極高,約略可至四成。但隨著 ARDSnet 等研究,發現呼吸器調整改採肺保護通氣設定能使死亡率大幅下降。[1]

Photo by Mufid Majnun on Unsplash

ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫症候群

  • 一種與高死亡率(四成)相關的肺損傷
  • 診斷:柏林定義(Berlin definition)
    -
    時間:一周內
    - CXR:雙側浸潤(infiltration)
    - 非心因性肺水腫
    - 低血氧:在 PEEP 或 CPAP ≧ 5 cmH2O 下,P/F(PaO2/FiO2)仍 ≤ 300 mmHg
[2] 黃健裕, 李毓芹, & 陽光耀. (2013). 急性呼吸窘迫症候群診斷定義的新變革 — 從 AECC 到柏林定義. 內科學誌, 24(2), 79–84.
- PEEP:Positive End-Expiratory Pressure.
- CPAP:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure.

肺保護通氣 Lung Protective Ventilation (LPV)

意即 Low Tidal Volume Ventilation (LTVV) [3–12]

證據等級

Grade 1B(強建議,應施予大部分病人,證據等級中)

執行理由

  1. 有效改善 ARDS 死亡率(Mortality),可降低呼吸器所導致的額外肺損傷 [3]
    - A random multi-center trial: 861 mechanically ventilated patients
    LPV (initial VT of 6 mL/kg PBW) v.s. Convention (initial VT of 12 mL/kg PBW)
    Mortality: 31 v.s. 40 %
    -
    A meta-analysis of six randomized trials: 1297 patients
    LPV v.s. Convention
    28 day mortality:27.4% v.s. 37 %, RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.88
    Hospital mortality:34.5% v.s. 43.2 %, RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69–0.92
    - Two prospective cohort studies: 485 patients
    inital VT 6 v.s. 7
    Initial VT of 7 mL/kg PBW increases 23% ICU mortality(HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.06–1.44)
    Later increases in VT by 1 mL/kg PBW increase 15% mortality (adjusted HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02–1.29)
  2. COVID-19-related ARDS 更容易氣壓傷(barotrauma)[4]
    - A retrospective study: 600 patients
    the incidence of barotrauma in COVID-19-related ARDS vs non-COVID patients
    15% vs 0.5%
- VT: 潮氣容積, Tidal Volume
- PBW: 預測體重, Predicted Body Weight

呼吸器參數目標 [3–12]

  • Tidal Volume
    -
    範圍:4 ~ 8 mL/kg PBW
    - 目標:≤6 mL/kg PBW
    -
    初始設定:通常以 VCV 呼吸器模式設定 6 mL/kg PBW 的潮氣容積量。
- VCV: 容積控制通氣, Volume Controlled Ventilation
- PBW: (附件)
For females: PBW (kg) = 45.5 + 0.91 * (height [cm] — 152.4)
For males: PBW (kg) = 50 + 0.91 * (height [cm] — 152.4)
  • Plateau pressure(Pplat, 吸氣高原壓)≤ 30 cmH2O
  • Driving Pressure(驅動壓力, Pplat-PEEP)≤ 14 cmH2O [5–8]
  • Higher PEEP, 根據 FiO2/PEEP table 和氧氣狀況調整
    - PEEP: 最大化並維持肺泡擴張(alveolar recruitment)以改善肺順應性(Compliance),進而提升氧合與限制氧毒性。
  • Oxygenation Goal
    - SpO2(血氧飽和濃度): 88 - 96% [3,14], 92–96% (COVID-19) [10,11]
    - PaO2(動脈氧分壓): 55 - 80 mmHg (7.3 to 10.6 kPa) [3,14]
  • 孩童 [5]
[5] 台灣 CDC | 新型冠狀病毒感染臨床處置暫行指引第十版

調整大略方針

  1. Tidal Volume [3,4,5,14]
  • Pplat ≤ 30 & VT 6 mL/kg
    通常無需調整。
  • Pplat > 30 & VT 6 mL/kg 或更高
    應每次以 1 mL/kg 幅度調降 VT 至最小 4 mL/kg 以達到目標 Pplat 。
    調降 VT 應增加 RR 以維持足夠的 VE。
  • 若出現呼吸器與病人不同步(dyssynchrony, eg. double trigger)且 Pplat < 25 & VT < 6 mL/kg
    可每次以 1 mL/kg 幅度調增 VT 至 6 mL/kg 或 Pplat 至 >25 ≤30 間。
    若不同步相當嚴重,可至 8 mL/kg。

2. 允許性高碳酸血症通氣 Permissive hypercapnia ventilation (PHV)

  • 高二氧化碳呼吸酸(Hypercapnic respiratory acidosis)意即:
    pH <7.35 and PaCO2 >45 mmHg
  • 然而為了 LPV (LLTV)而設定較小的 VT 下,較低的 MV 容易形成高碳酸血症。通常會調高 RR( ≤ 35 bpm,且不應造成 auto-PEEP )以提高 MV,最大限度減少高碳酸血症的程度,但仍有可能無法完全避免。
    權衡之下,適度的容許高碳酸血症(也就是 PHV ),可減少高肺泡壓力而過度擴張所導致的相關併發症( Barotramu, VALI 呼吸機相關肺損傷)。[5, 12]
MV(VE)= VT * RR
- MV: 每分鐘通氣量, Minute Volume
- VT: 潮氣容積, Tidal Volume
- RR: 呼吸速率, Respiratory Rate
  • PHV 禁忌症(Contraindications)[12]
    - Acute cerebral disease
    - Coronary artery disease, Heart failure, Cardiac arrhythmias, or Pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular dysfunction
    - Hypovolemia
  • pH

|UpToDate [12]
pH Goal: ≥ 7.25

- pH ≤ 7.2
enerally correct
- pH 7.21 ~ 7.24
individualy Correct
- pH ≥7.25
not typically corrected since generally well tolerated by most patients.

| ARDSnet [5, 14]
pH Goal: 7.3–7.45

- pH 7.15–7.3
調高 RR (最大 35 bpm, I:E < 1)直到 pH > 7.3 或 PaCO2 < 25 mmHg
- pH < 7.15
VT 可以 1 mL/kg 幅度調增,直到 pH > 7.15
考慮給予 NaHCO3(Sodium Bicarbonate)

Ventilation Card

| UpToDate

[3] UpToDate | Ventilator management strategies for adults with ARDS

-

| NEJM

[13] NEJM | Severe Covid-19

-

| ARDSnet

[14] ARDSnet | Ventilator Protocol

-

| SCCM

[10] SCCM 美國重症醫學會 | Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines on the Management of Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the ICU

附件:PBW(Predicted Body Weigh, 預測體重)

Female, from UpToDate [3]

For females: PBW (kg) = 45.5 + 0.91 * (height [cm] — 152.4)

-

Male, from UpTodate [3]

For   males: PBW (kg) = 50   + 0.91 * (height [cm] — 152.4)

參考文獻

[1] UpToDate | Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Prognosis and outcomes in adults
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-prognosis-and-outcomes-in-adults?search=ARDS%20mortality&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H3

[2] 黃健裕, 李毓芹, & 陽光耀. (2013). 急性呼吸窘迫症候群診斷定義的新變革 — 從 AECC 到柏林定義. 內科學誌, 24(2), 79–84.

[3] UpToDate | Ventilator management strategies for adults with ARDS
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ventilator-management-strategies-for-adults-with-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome?search=ARDS&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=4

[4] UpToDate | COVID-19: Critical care and airway management issues
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-critical-care-and-airway-management-issues?search=undefined&source=covid19_landing&usage_type=main_section#H369339320

[5] 台灣 CDC | 新型冠狀病毒感染臨床處置暫行指引第十版
https://www.cdc.gov.tw/File/Get/G4gjnyiSWyuvWtwCU7-9kQ

[6] 台灣醫學會 | 新型冠狀病毒感染(COVID-19)重症照護 暫行共識
https://www.tspccm.org.tw/media/9546

[7] 台灣醫學會 | 新型冠狀病毒感染(COVID-19) 併發急性呼吸衰竭臨床處置指引
https://www.tspccm.org.tw/media/s/qucEkM

[8] 台灣 CDC | COVID-19 數位學習課程
https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/Page/8rZJtd4HgGx65T43EgQiAg

[9] AARC 美國呼吸照護學會
https://www.aarc.org/nn20-covid-19-news-resources/

[10] SCCM 美國重症醫學會 | Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines on the Management of Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the ICU
https://www.sccm.org/Clinical-Resources/Guidelines/Guidelines/Surviving-Sepsis-Campaign-Guidelines-on-the-Manage

[11] NIH 美國國家衛生院 | COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines
https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov

[12] UpToDate | Permissive hypercapnia during mechanical ventilation in adults
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/permissive-hypercapnia-during-mechanical-ventilation-in-adults?topicRef=1653&source=see_link

[13] NEJM | Clinical Practice: Severe Covid-19
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575

[14] ARDSnet | Ventilator Protocol
http://www.ardsnet.org/files/ventilator_protocol_2008-07.pdf

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Munir
貓熊異想 Panda’s Whimsy

呼吸治療師(Respiratory Therapist)| “ 我只為相信的事物工作,所以晚上睡得著覺。“ — 電影《攻敵必救》|IG: www.instagram.com/cutecute_der