• Airlines are constantly working on upgrading their systems, little by little.
• Although Delta has been busy upgrading its systems this year, this is likely to remain a piecemeal process.
• Airlines’ systems are so fragile because of their age and complexity.
• Airlines are struggling to replace retiring experts who were trained to read the outdated computer languages in which they were written, for instance.
• The Economist explains: Why British dogs are getting smaller

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