Crystal oscillators

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency. This frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers

The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators but other piezoelectric materials including poly crystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.

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What is a Quartz Crystal?

A quartz crystal exhibits a very important property known as the piezoelectric effect. When a mechanical pressure is applied across the faces of the crystal, a voltage which is proportional to mechanical pressure appears across the crystal. That voltage causes distortion in the crystal. Distorted amount will be proportional to the applied voltage and also an alternate voltage applied to a crystal it causes to vibrate at its natural frequency.

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz. Most are used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.

Advantages of crystal oscillator

The crystal oscillators have very high frequency stability.
It has High frequency of operation.
It has very low frequency drift due to change in temperature and other parameters.
It has Automatic amplitude control

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Disadvantages of crystal oscillator

These are suitable for high frequency application.
Crystals of low fundamental frequencies are not easily available

Applications of crystal oscillator

Crystal Oscillators find use in most of electronics devices ranging from simple wrist watches to computers, microprocessors and micro controllers