Let’s confine the scope to the subset of the universe that follows classical mechanics and that where life exists. The entire universe already fundamentally contains non-determinism in the form of quantum mechanics. This is known and shouldn’t be controversial. However, what I confine myself to is the study of cognition. In this macroscopic scale, our brains are built of machines where quantum mechanics has little effect in the cognitive process. In this deterministic setup, you still have non-determinism because the nature of cognitive machines is to predict other cognitive machines. This prediction is not exact and that’s where you find your non-determinism. Selecting deterministic parts does not imply determinism for the entire whole. This is the argument I am making.
