What’s an Earthquake Resistant House?

Three different Earthquake Engineering Techniques in Japan

Japan Life Again
6 min readJun 2, 2023

Last year we bought a house in Fukuoka that was built in 1955. Before undertaking any renovation work, we had the Earthquake Resistant Inspection conducted by three different organizations.

昨年、1955年に建てられた家を福岡で購入。改装工事を行う前に、3社による耐震検査を受けました。

The results of the inspections consistently indicated that the house was deemed 'very unsafe.' As a result, we decided to proceed with the Seismic Retrofitting Work.

検査の結果、一貫して「非常に危険」と評価されたため、耐震補強工事を進めることにしました。

Now, let me explain the reason why we sought Earthquake Resistant Inspection from three different organizations. The first two organizations suggested Seismic Retrofitting Work, which included strengthening the foundations, building many walls, and replacing the roof tiles with a slate roof. However, this Seismic Retrofitting Work is primarily suitable for modern houses, whereas our house was built with a traditional structure. Hence, our concern arises: 'Will this work truly suit our old house?'

なぜ私たちが3社も耐震調査を依頼したのか。最初の2社は「基礎を強化し、壁をたくさん建て、屋根瓦をスレート屋根に置き換える」などの耐震補強工事を提案してきました。しかしこの耐震補強工事は、主に最近の家屋に適しているもの。私たちの家は伝統的な構造でできているので「この工事は本当に私たちの古い家に適しているのか」という懸念が生じました。

When discussing earthquake engineering techniques in Japan, there are three different methods designed to improve the safety and resilience of structures during earthquakes: Seismic Isolation (免震 Menshin), Seismic Resistance (耐震 Taishin), and Seismic Control (制震 Seishin).

日本の地震工学技術には、地震時の建築物の安全性と耐久性を向上させるために設計された3つの異なる方法、「免震(めんしん)」「耐震(たいしん)」「制震(せいしん)」があります。

Seismic Isolation 免震, literally meaning 'free from earthquake shaking,' involves the use of isolation systems that decouple the building from ground motion during an earthquake. This is achieved by placing the building on a series of flexible bearings or other devices that absorb seismic energy and prevent it from affecting the structure. The isolation system greatly reduces the seismic forces acting on the building, and it is commonly used in high-rise buildings, bridges, and other critical infrastructure.

免震(めんしん)とはその名の通り「揺れから免れる」こと。地震時の建物と地面の揺れを切り離すために、建物を柔軟な軸受やその他の装置に乗せる絶縁システムを使用する。これにより、建物に作用する地震力を大幅に減少させることが可能。免震システムは、高層ビルや橋などの重要なインフラでよく使用されている。

Seismic Resistance 耐震, meaning 'resistant to earthquake shaking,' relies on conventional structural design and materials to withstand the seismic forces generated during an earthquake. It entails designing the building with strong foundations, lateral force-resisting systems, and structural connections capable of withstanding ground motion. The goal of seismic design is to prevent the building from collapsing or sustaining major damage during an earthquake while minimizing risks to occupants.

耐震(たいしん)とは「地震の揺れに耐える」こと。そのための従来の構造設計と材料を使用する。これには強固な基礎、横力に対する耐力システム、地震動に耐えられる構造接続を備えた建物の設計が含まれる。耐震設計は、地震中に建物の崩壊や大きな損傷を防止し、居住者へのリスクを最小限に抑えることを掲げている。

Seismic Control 制震, which means 'control earthquake shaking,' involves the use of damping systems to reduce the amplitude and duration of ground motion during an earthquake. This is achieved by placing devices such as dampers or mass-spring systems within the structure, which can absorb or dissipate seismic energy and reduce the dynamic response of the building. Damping systems prove effective in minimizing earthquake damage to buildings and other structures.

制震(せいしん)とは「揺れを制する」こと。地震時の地面の振動の振幅と持続時間を減少させる減衰システムを使用する。これは、ダンパーやマス・スプリングシステムなどの装置を建物内部に配置することによって達成される。これにより地震エネルギーを吸収または分散し、建物の動的反応を減少させることが可能。減衰システムは、地震による建物や他の構造物への損傷を最小限に抑えるのに効果的。

Now, let's examine the drawings depicting Japanese traditional and modern house structures.

ではここで日本の伝統的な家屋と現代の家屋の構造を見てみましょう。

https://kuronika.com/knowledge/earthquake/

Our house was built with the traditional structure, which has big strong wooden pillars and beams connected by wooden parts. The foundation is not concrete, but the pillars stand on the stones. Old houses and temples have this traditional structure.

私たちの家は木材で接合された大きな木の柱と梁でできた伝統構法によって建てられたものです。基礎はコンクリートではなく柱が石の上に建った形。昔の家屋やお寺はこの伝統工法によって建てられています。

The pillar stands on the stone.

柱が石の上に立っています。(石場建て)

https://kuronika.com/knowledge/earthquake/

On the other hand, the modern structure has a concrete foundation. Their diagonal braces and their pillars are connected with the metal parts. This modern structure has been very popular since the Building Standard Act was enforced in 1950.

一方、在来工法はコンクリートの基礎です。斜めの補強材と柱は金属部品で接続されています。この在来工法は1950年に建築基準法が施行されて以来、主流となっています。

The traditional structured houses have the character which works well with Seismic Isolation and Seismic Control. When the big earthquake comes, the pillars will shake on the stones (Seismic Isolation), the heavy roof tiles will fall, the mud walls will break, and the wooden pillars will bend (Seismic Control).

伝統的な構造の家屋は、免震と制震にうまく対応する特性を持っています。大きな地震が起こると、柱は石の上で揺れ(免震)、重い屋根瓦が落ち、泥壁が壊れ、木製の柱が曲がります(制震)。

The last Earthquake Resistant Inspector that investigated our house called 古民家再生協会 (Association for the Regeneration of Traditional Japanese Houses) suggested the Seismic Retrofitting Work suitable for our old house.

最後に耐震調査をしてもらった古民家再生協会は、私たちの古い家にあった耐震補強工事を提案してくれました。

The plan for the Seismic Retrofitting Work in our house involves putting concrete and enlarging the stones under the pillars. Some isolated stones will also be left.

私たちの家の耐震補強工事の計画では、柱の下にコンクリートを注入して石を大きくします。一部の孤立した石も残します。

In addition to the foundation work, some new walls will be built, some walls will be reinforced, and dampers will be fitted into the walls.

基礎工事に加えていくつか新しい壁を建て、一部の壁を補強し、ダンパーを壁に取り付けます。

If someone asks architects or construction companies in Japan, "Between a traditional construction method house and a modern construction method house, which one is more earthquake-resistant?" many of them would answer, "A modern construction method house." This is because in Japan, seismic resilience is emphasized, and architects and construction companies receive training based on the revised Seismic Design Guidelines enacted by 2010.

もし「伝統構法の家と在来工法の家、どちらが地震に強いの?」と尋ねられたら、日本の建築家や工務店の多くは「在来工法の家」と答えるでしょう。日本では2010年までに改訂された耐震基準法を元に耐震を重視し、建築家や工務店向けに講習を行っているからです。

In reality, the architect from the second company that conducted the seismic assessment showed me photos. They were the collapsed traditional houses taken during the major earthquake that occurred in Kumamoto in 2016. He clearly stated, "Traditional construction is weak against earthquakes."

実際、2番目に耐震調査を行った会社の建築士が私に見せた写真、それは2016年に熊本で起きた大地震の際に崩れた古民家のもの。そして「古民家の造りは地震に弱いんです」とはっきり一言。

Is it true that houses built with traditional construction methods are weak against earthquakes? If that is the case, then why do old castles and temples in towns affected by earthquakes remain standing without complete destruction?

本当に伝統構法で建てられた家は地震に弱いのでしょうか?もしそれが真実なら、なぜ地震が起きた町にある古いお城やお寺は全壊せずに残っているのか。

Please watch the "Vibration Testing on Traditional Construction Methods Houses" conducted by the Committee for the Development of Design Methods and Performance Verification for Traditional Construction Methods in 2012. (Please refer to the video from 0:19 to 0:37.)

https://youtu.be/yK1WT1O2MpU

「伝統的構法の設計法作成及び性能検証実験委員会」が2012年に行った「伝統構法の家に対する震動台実験。https://youtu.be/yK1WT1O2MpU

(0:19〜0:37までをご覧下さい)

In the experiment, the base of the house on the test platform is not connected to the ground, resulting in the isolation of the shaking (Seismic Isolation).

実験台に載っている家屋の足元が地面と繋がっていないため、揺れが切り離されています(免震)。

During the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995, many wooden houses collapsed, and it is stated that "deterioration due to termite damage, decay, and aging contributed to the extent of the damage." (Source: Cabinet Office Disaster Prevention Information)

1995年に起きた阪神淡路大震災では、多くの木造住宅が倒壊したが「蟻害、腐食など老朽による劣化が被害を拡大させた。」とある。(内閣府防災情報より)https://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/kyokun/hanshin_awaji/data/detail/1-1-3.html

Our house was an unoccupied vacant house for 20 years, and during that time, the ceiling deteriorated due to water leaks, which significantly affected the results of the seismic assessment. Additionally, repeated expansion and alteration of the original structure disrupted the balance of the inherent seismic isolation design. As a result, we conducted extensive renovation work, including reducing the expanded parts to restore the original square and balanced shape and replacing the entire roof and ceiling (including the roof tiles). The project was substantial in both scope and cost.

私達の家は20年間誰も住んでいなかった空き家で、その間の雨漏りで天井が腐っており、その点も耐震調査で大いに減点されました。他にも増築を繰り返し、原型を無理に変えたため、元々の免震構造のバランスが悪くなったことも要因のようです。そのため、増築部分を減築して本来の四角いバランスの取れた形に戻し、屋根と天井(瓦を含む)を全て新しくする大規模な改修工事を行いました(費用も大規模!)。

Simply saying that 'old and wooden structures are weak against earthquakes' makes it easy to choose newly constructed houses. However, our task, as the ones left behind, should be to study and explore ways to respect the wisdom of our ancestors who built historic structures using natural materials, and to preserve and pass on these beautiful architectural treasures.

「古い、木造=地震に弱い」と簡単に言って、新しく建てられた家を買うことは簡単。だけど歴史ある建築物を自然の素材を使って作った先人の知恵を敬い、美しい建造物を残していけるよう勉強して模索していくのが、残された私達の課題ではないでしょうか。

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Japan Life Again

Back to Japan after 15 years. Lived in Germany 2007-2012. Lived in England 2012-2021. Living in Fukuoka with my non-Japanese-partner and my child. 日英でブログ書いてます!