Physics made simple with A Grand Unification Theory.

The contents and introduction below gives you flavor of what is included in the manuscript. For a full copy contact the author mnafousi@gmail.com
A Grand Unification Theory
The Universe Two Basic Energy Particles (BEP)
The Nature and Structure of subatomic and Space Particles
Contents
Introduction
1) The universe two basic energy particles.
2) How did the universe start?
3) The law of singularities conservation and gauge fields.
4) The fabric of the pixelated space.
5) Forms of energy: Potential and Kinetic
6) Entanglement, uncertainty principle, wave particle duality and the principles of locality, causality and local realism
7) Subatomic particles
8) Explaining fusion and fission
9) Dominance of matter over antimatter explained.
10) A new look at gravity.
11) The strong force.
12) The weak force.
13) The electromagnetic force.
14) The proposed fifth Force of nature: The spinning loop force.
15) Dark matter, dark energy, expanding universe, neutron stars
16) What is time and. what is time dilation?
17) Cosmic information and simulated reality.
Introduction
This manuscript is for all those who are interested in some “out of the box” thought experiments in theoretical physics. References are made to various theories like: General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Field Theory (QFT), Loop Quantum Gravity, Super String (M) Theory, Quantum Chromodynamics Theory, Grand Unifications Theory, Gauge Field Theory, Information Theory and others. They all offer partial answers to the working of the universe based on some key assumptions regarding the intrinsic nature of the basic particles which make up the universe. For example some physicists have argued that the shortcomings of. the state of a physical system, as formulated by quantum mechanics, is due to the existence of hidden. particles. A type of spacetime symmetry, known as Supersymmetry Theory, is a possible candidate for undisclosed fundamental particles, and seen as elegant solution to many of current problems in physics if confirmed to be correct. Another evidence of the possible existence of a missing fundamental particle is based on the electrons observed magnetic moment. They should spin at much faster than the speed of light or being much bigger point-like particles to account for their magnetic moments. Both of these requirements do contradict reality. Therefore a complete theory of everything must look for those hidden basic particles and try to incorporate them in a revised model of the universe.
Unfortunately such particles are expected to be very small and unlikely to be observed nor their characteristics are capable of being studied experimentally. However, their existence and characteristics can be inferred from the key roles they play in shaping the universe. They are very likely to be much smaller than current planck measurements. This would make the study of their nature and characteristics based only on rational speculations and mathematical models. In this work we have made some speculations as to the nature and characteristics of two hidden particles which could account for the creation and working of the entire universe. We have tried to ensure that our thought experiments are consistent with most of the current theoretical and experimental aspects of physics and at the same time answers the many conundrums. The proposed work could also lend itself to being a simplified computer model of the universe. We offer tentative explanations to the reported conundrums like the entanglement, the collapse of the wave function in the double slit experiments, the dominance of matters over antimatters and much more. This model of the universe supports the argument that the universe is deterministic and not probabilistic as proposed by most physicists dealing with the quantum world. It also offers a rational answer to the question: Did the universe started from nothing?
These thoughts experiments have been in the making over many years. They have seen, and going through, many modifications to ensure that they are in line with the latest findings by physicists. For example we derive great pleasure in the newly proposed key roles played by the neutrinos and other lepton particles in the various micro activities of the universe, as this was predicted by our thoughts experiments. The confirmation coming out of CERN that the Higgs Bosons are still being elusive particles and difficult to detect is also supported by our suggestion that once the Space Particles are knocked out of the fabric of space they turn into other subatomic particles and cannot consistently observed as Higgs bosons.
It is hoped that this work would encourage fresh thinking in theoretical physics and offers possible visualizations of the time dimension, the quantum fields responsible for the manifestation of the subatomic particles and the energy strings proposed by the String (M) theory.
The String theory allows physicists to reconcile the laws governing subatomic particles, called quantum mechanics, with the laws governing space-time, called general relativity, and tries to unify the four fundamental forces of nature into a single framework. However this theory can only work in a universe with 10 or 11 dimensions: three large spatial ones, six or seven compacted spatial ones, and a time dimension. The compacted spatial dimensions — as well as the vibrating strings themselves are about a billionth of a trillionth of the size of an atomic nucleus. There’s no conceivable way to detect anything that small. So there is no known way to experimentally validate or invalidate the string theory. The Quantum Field Theory explains the small scale’s reality as vibrations in quantum fields which do not contradict the arrow of time. Most of the existing theories works subject to key assumptions made in the maths associated with each of them. All theories dealing with the Quantum world report its weirdness due to the measurement problem, the entanglement conundrum, observations like the appearance and disappearance of electrons between the atoms’ shells, the collapse of the wave function in the double slit experiments, etc. It is hoped that in this work we would offer some rational explanations to these mysteries based on the proposed nature and characteristics of the two Basic Energy Particles. Of course many would raise valid objections regarding the proposed characteristics. This would be a healthy approach to find more realistic explanations to the working of the universe instead of physicists relying on the need to incorporate wormholes in the fabric of space or the existence of multiverse or other weird speculations to explain some of the current conundrums in physics. As a minimum, it is hoped that physicists would seriously consider that all the subatomic particles of the standard model are in reality composite particles made of basic energy particles (BEP). Digital codes have been proposed for all the subatomic particles and virtual particles of the standard model based on the binary nature of the proposed two fundamental particles. This approach offers possible explanation of the time dimension and the way the cosmic information are created, collected, verified and recorded to form the foundation for a simulated reality.
Manuscript abstract
According to current physics’ literature, the supersymmetry theory suggests the possible existence of undiscovered elementary particles. According to this theory a partner from one group would have an associated partner from the other group. In this manuscript we suggest that a relationship exist between the singularities and the strings of energy in line with the supersymmetry theoretical formulation .
We have also proposed that all particles of the standard model, including the bosons, the fermion particles and the proposed space particles (SP), are made only of these two of basic energy particles (BEP):
The Two Basic Energy Particles, Their Nature And Characteristics
a) Strings of Energy (for short: “strings”, or “energy”, or “energy clouds”),
- They are wavey spring-like particles made from identically vibrating energy with left handed or right handed helicities (spins) continuously moving at the speed of light. Each type of helicity is equal to the ½ spin associated with the different types of fermion particles. The axis of their spin is ready to take any orientation.
- - Strings with different helicities exhibit coupling attraction. we have termed “Coupling Force (CF)”. Coupled strings exhibit an integer spin (spin=1) as in the case of different bosons. The act of coupling involves two strings with different helicities getting intertwined, while the act of decoupling is when they are stretched out and separated by the decoupling force, caused by the electrostatic attraction applied by the singularities residing at the nuclei of the fermion and space particles (SP).
- - A number of strings of both helicities join together to form a bundle of energy. Different numbers of these bundles form the different photons. Excited fermion particles emits strings of energy with different helictites. They get coupled together forming the photons and gluons.
- - Once photons or gluons get in proximity to fermion particles with different helicities, they decouple. leading to their split and absorption by the energy clouds of these particles.
- - The coupling and decoupling forces also explain how virtual photons and gravitons are emitted and absorbed by the SP.
- - Strings of single helicity form the energy clouds of the fermion particles, and strings of both helictites form the energy clouds of the SP and the various bosons.
- - The strings of energy represent all the observed energy in the universe and associated with all the planck measurements. The wave functions of the fermion and space particles are fully managed and controlled by the kinetic energy of the singularities and their electrostatic force.
- b) The Singularities
- In this manuscript we have proposed the existence of the elusive singularities. Most of the current conundrums in physics emanate from their absence in the various models dealing with the working of the universe. The key characteristics of the singularities are:
- - Point-like energy particles
- They are unobservable, massless, point-like energy particles spinning clockwise (CW) or anticlockwise (ACW) at the constant speed of light. Their continuous spin gives them the freedom or independence from joining each other. The axes of their spins are free to take any vector orientation.
- - Electric charges
- The directions of their spins within the nuclei of the fermion and space particles account for the intrinsic positive and negative charges of relevant particles. Paired singularities, with different spin directions, add up to zero electric charge. Singularities with the same spin direction repulse each other, while those with opposite directions attract each other. We term this force, for consistency with current literature,“Electrostatic Force (EF)”.
- - Centripetal Force
- The singularities’ spins create the Centripetal Force which is fundamental for many of the quantum mechanical activities of the universe. The axes of their orientations are subject to the Gyroscopic effect, when they interact with or disturbed by other singularities. The associated centrifugal outward directed force presses the SP against each other forming the extremely fine fabric or network of finite foams-like bubbles of energy known as the “vacuum” at rest state geometry. For short we use VSP to denote Vacuum space particles, and FSP to denote field space particles.
- - Decoupling Force
- Singularities which are spinning ACW attract strings with left handed helicity, and those spinning CW attract strings with right handed helicity, leading to the creation of the Decoupling Force.
- - Conservation of singularities
- A law for the conservation of singularities has been proposed in line with the conservation of charge. This means that fermion particles don’t get completely annihilated into pure energy but always end up with lighter fermion particles, like the almost massless neutrinos and antineutrinos, which are difficult to detect. This is supported by the reported observation of a relatively higher number of neutrinos and antineutrinos found around nuclear power stations.
- - The centripetal force (Fc or Fc )
- The centripetal force generated by the singularities is: Fc= mc2/r, (where Fc= the constant centripetal force resulting of the spinning of a given number of singularities at the speed of light, m = mass of the orbiting energy strings, E, managed and controlled by the singularities, c= speed of light, and r = the radius of the orbiting energy cloud of a space particle). The centripetal force law of a space particle can then be reduced to Fc= E/r.
- - Speed of spinning bubbles of energy (Spinning angular momentum, Sam)
- Since the energy orbiting the singularities is the constant speed of light, c, then the spinning speed, Sam= c/(2π r). Since Fc= E/r then. Sam= c Fc/ (2π E). As “c Fc/ (2π” is a constant value, then the speed of the spinning bubbles of energy is in reverse ratio to the energy of the field space particles and to their radii. This is a key equation in determining the strength of force fields. For the space particles to turn into force fields’ spinning bubbles of energy their singularities’ spinning axes need to align in specific directions to produce the aimed orientations.
- - Positions and vector orientations
- The different positions and vector orientations of the space particles’ singularities are important in determining the vector orientations of the force fields. In case of gravitational fields, the singularities spinning orientations would be toward the centre of the mass. In case of electromagnetic fields the singularities have multiple orientations determined by the relative positions and strengths of moving charged particles responsible for the generation of specific field.
- - Drivers of the waves functions
- Positions of the singularities within the nuclei of the fermion particles determine the different geometry of their wave functions. The singularities reset their interaction with each other by getting closer together to reboot their activities in readiness to restart another set of interactions as part of the universe symmetry conservation. The reset is observed as a collapse of the wave function of the relevant fermion particle. This reset is key to explaining the entanglement conundrum. It is an error correction process of the universe information.
- - The singularities are found in groups of six or multiple thereof as in the case of the SP and the second and third generations fermion particles. The number “Six” is the unit of measurement when it comes to the singularities. So the electron charge of -1 means it has 6 anti clockwise singularities. The up quarks +⅔ charge means it has 5 CW and 1 ACW singularities ((+5–1)/6=+⅔). The down quark has 2 CW and 4 ACW singularities giving -⅓ charge.
- - Creation of Volume and Mass.
- The interaction of the singularities’ fermion particles with the vacuum SP, lead. to the formation of their quantum fields, the hadrons confinements, the additional micro dimensions, the spatial volume, the relativistic mass and micro gravity.
- - Digital Information. The two types of the singularities’ spin represent the bits (the zeros and ones) used by the universe digital information to determine the type of subatomic particles. They play key roles in giving the subatomic particles their digital codes’ types. They are also very important in determining other aspects of the subatomic particles quantum states.
- c) Space Particles (SP).
- The SP are foam-like bubbles of energy pressed into hexagon geometry by the centrifugal force of their singularities. In this manuscript we have proposed that 12 singularities form the nuclei of a space particle. This makes the centripetal force of a space particle the most important constant of proportionality between its orbiting strings of energy and its radius (Fc=E/r). The relationships between the intrinsic forces of the two BEP are behind the three constants that define free space, namely:
- The electric constant (vacuum permittivity) which defines the capacity of the vacuum to permit electric field lines, or using our terminology, the measure of the response of the SP singularities to realign their positions in response to the presence of net fermion particles’ charge.
- The magnetic constant or the vacuum permeability measures the influence of the vacuum on the production of the magnetic flux lines from a moving electric charge. Using our terminology it is a measure of the responses of the magnetic fields’ singularities to the changing positions of electric fields’ singularities.
- The vacuum impedance constant. It is the measure of the opposition to the flow of an alternating current in free space. It relates to the magnitude of the electric field strength to the magnitude of the magnetic fields for electromagnetic radiation traveling through free space. It is equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the speed of light.
- The interaction between the intrinsic forces of the BEP are behind all the known constants of electromagnetism. These also include, Coulomb’s proportionality constant which is a derivative of the electrostatic constant. The fine structure constant characterizes the strength of electromagnetic interactions between elementary charged particles,i.e. the strength of the electrostatic attraction and repulsion forces of the singularities which give the fermion particles their net electric charges.
- The SP in their geometrical rest state would be termed as Vacuum Space Particles or VSP for short. The assumed vacuum has all of the properties that a particle may have such as spin, energy, magnetic moments, etc. On average, these properties cancel out due to the equal number of singularities which are spinning CW & ACW, and the equal number of strings with left handed and right handed helicities. This is what constitutes the vacuum at its “rest state geometry” and gives the perception of a vacuum that is “empty”. The vacuum exhibits zero charge and zero spin. These are similar to the characteristics associated with the elusive Higgs boson particles. Using the data of the standard model, then we speculate that the mass of a space particle would be 125.09 GeV/c2 similar to that of a Higgs boson particle. We have proposed that every two SP form the fermion particles of a hydrogen atom, i.e. two up quarks and one down quark forming the proton plus an orbiting electron. The total mass of these 4 fermion particles is 10.111MeV/c2. This means that when these four fermion particles are formed from two SP, about 99.6% of their energy clouds is converted to photons. It also means that as the fermion particles interact with the adjacent VSP, they borrow from them about 99% of the protons’ energy to from their confinements and the gluons. It is this process of borrowing energy from the VSP which leads to the creation of their gravitational flux lines.
d) Formation of fields
When VSP are disturbed by fermion particles their energy level changes leading to changes in their geometry. These changes in the VSP geometry turn them into FSP. Different fields are mere manifestations of the different disturbances in the geometry of the SP. The FSP turn into spinning bubbles of energy with different speed and specific vector orientation determined by the types of disturbances. Fields are quantized.
The varying spins angular momentum of the energy cloud of the FSP are determined by the relationship Sam= c/2π r (or Sam= c Fc/ 2π E) . In case of FSP, their E & r would have different micro measurements to those associated with VSP. If we define the unit of measuring time as a rotation of the strings of energy around the singularities of a space particle, tc, then tc= (2π r)/ c. As “r” is variable, then time’s unit of measurement would also be variable, hence the observed time dilation. These equations give us the unit of measuring space micro time, tc= 1/Sam, hence time changes with the change in its basic unit of measurement.
As r approaches zero at the black hole level, the current laws of physics wouldn’t work as they would give zeros or infinite values.
We have also made the suggestion in this manuscript that the two directional spins of the singularities and the two helictites of the strings represent the binary bits needed for constructing the cosmic information model of the universe.
The generated binary values listed below of the two basic energy particles are key to the generation of the qubits required for the universe simulation of reality.
Types of Particles: singularities or Strings
Types of singularities spin: clockwise (positive charge) or anti clockwise (negative charge)
Types of singularities force: Electrostatic Attraction or Electrostatic Repulsion.
Types of Strings helicity (spin): Left handed (L-R) or Right handed (R-L)
Types of strings activities: Coupling or Decoupling
Type of Strings/ singularities interactions: R-L helicity Strings are driven in angular momentum by the net positive charge of the fermion particles’ singularities in CW direction, and L-R helicity Strings are driven in angular momentum by the net negative charge of the fermion particles’ singularities in ACW direction. This is in line with the supersymmetry predictions.
Generation One of the Standard Model
It is proposed that all generation one fermion particles have in their nuclei six singularities with different combinations of spin depending on their types. On the other hand, each Space Particle (SP) has 12 singularities, six of each type. Once SP are chipped of the fabric of space they split into other Fermion Particle with their antiparticle, hence the difficulty faced by CERN in observing the Higgs Bosons. This may also explain the reported observations that particles are continuously popping in and out of existence in empty space.
For these reasons it is also proposed that the number “6” is dominant in the various activities of the universe in addition to the constant value of “pi” which is relevant to the maths associated with circular geometry and angular momentums.
The Higgs Bosons
These thought experiments suggest that the fabric of space is made of SP which are key in shaping our reality. Their characteristics are in line with the reported Higgs Bosons which create the Higgs or Space field (the unified field) that permeates throughout the entire universe. It is proposed that the fabric of space was formed in the first few seconds of creation as a precondition for the universe to exist. It acts as the display platform for the simulated reality (information universe). The formation of space was immediately followed by huge subatomic activities leading to the formation of the cosmic dust and all what exist in the known universe. It is also proposed that the universe is finite in size, yet it appears to be infinite as photons are continuously moving within the curved fabric of space.
Unification Of The Known Four Forces Of Nature
These thought experiments offer unified explanations to the 4 forces of nature. They are all created due the fundamental interactions of the two BEP.
Virtual Photons and Gravitons are all created by the coupling of the strings of energy borrowed from the foams of the SP (regarded as the condensate). They are force carriers as the act in changing the geometry of the relevant fields associated with gravity and electromagnetism.
Gluons are also created by the coupling of strings of energy with different helicity, except that these strings are borrowed from the fermion particles within the confinements of the protons and the Neutrons. Their coupling and decoupling generate the strong force.
The W and Z Bosons are combination of lepton particles and chipped of SP act in ejecting the leptons from the confinements
Matter And Antimatter
As there is no such thing as matter and antimatter at the level of the basic energy particles, a new suggestion is made to explain the dominance of matter over antimatter. In this work we have proposed that this dominance is mainly due to the lack of symmetry between the strength of the wave function of the electrons and the positrons in their respective quantum fields. It is proposed that the electrons are more ready to resume their wave functions relative the energetic positrons.
Quantum Mechanical Activities With The Confinements
It is proposed that the Gluons are continuously emitted and absorbed by the fermion particles within the confinements due to the coupling and decoupling forces. The created kinetic energy (the resulting strong force) lead to the continuous flavor changes of the quarks forming the protons and neutrons. The 6/7 flavors’ changes of the quarks are explained using the proposed law of singularities’ conservations. Rules for the continuous flavor changing activities within the confinements are proposed in this manuscript. The theory also predicts that in case of neutrons there are additional flavor change involving the creation and annihilation of the electron flavor, hence the additional 7th dimension. The presence of the electron’s flavor leads to the neutron instability once the electron resumes its wave function (in the absence of the necessary pressure/ force to suppress it). The 6/7 flavor changes observed within the confinements are due to the exchange of singularities between any two subatomic particles with different helicities. This work also confirms the violation of Byron and lepton Conservation laws.
Structure Of The Neutrons
Due to the proposed law of singularities conservation, we suggest that each Neutron incorporates one antineutrino in addition to the up quark and two down quarks. It is also proposed that the great gravitational pull of a meaningful clusters of the dense neutrons (and/ or fractions of dark matter) played key roles in collecting the cosmic dust to form the newly born stars and galaxies
Neutrons And Antineutrinos Oscillation
Our work shows that the neutrons and antineutrons are identical in term of their BEP and therefore oscillate between the two states. This is similar to the force carriers like the virtual photons, gravitons and gluons which could also be regarded as both matter and antimatter as they are made of strings of both helicities.
Micro and Macro Gravity
It is proposed that the boomerang-like momentums of the quarks, due to their non integer charges, play key roles in the creation of the confinements. The confinements are the result of the additional six/ seven micro dimensions (predicted by the string theory) generated by the twisting and pending of the fabric of space at micro spatial level. This disturbance in the geometry of the SP leads to the creation of volume, microgravity, mass and micro gravity. Macro Gravity is the cumulative distortions in the fabric of spaces creating the microgravity re-organized by the activities of the Gravitons driven by the fundamental forces associated with the BEP. The Gravitational constant is equal to the Planck cubic area Times Square speed of light per planck time per Planck time (lp3 c2/tp2). This could also be expressed as Planck momentum over the square Planck mass created.
Other Suggestions Made
This manuscript also makes suggestions and offer some possible explanations to the followings:
- The Nature of Dark matter and their roles in the working of the perpetual universe.
- - The Collapse of the Waves Functions in the double slit experiments due to the act of observations. It is a consequence of erasing the act of entanglement.
- - The mystery of the Entanglement is explained in terms of the preservation of symmetry. It is proposed that entangled particles share the same spacetime code as they get created or interact with each other to preserve symmetry. This shared code get erased, when one of the particles interacts with another particle and acquires a new spacetime code (as in the act of observation).
- - The existence of a fifth force (the spinning loop force) responsible for interweaving the Space Particles to form the strong, yet flexible, fabric of space is proposed.
- - The Time Dimension as the sequence of the “Now-Time” snapshots (per cosmic second) of the total activities of the universe as reported by the qubits generated by the basic energy particles. A cosmic second (Planck time tp) is the equivalent of the time it takes for Planck energy to complete one angular. rotation around its circumference (Planck length). tp= c/lp.
- - This manuscript expands on the way the Cosmic Digital Information are formed, collected, verified and recorded to ensure the conservation of information, symmetry, charge and the working of the Information Universe.
Finally we confirm that this work is a mere desktop speculation in response to the great contributions by many physicists to popularize fresh thinking in theoretical physics like Stephen Hawking. All comments, for or against, to enrich these thoughts experiments are very welcomed
