Foreword Five years ago, I wrote a blog post called Miners Aren’t Your Friends, introducing MEV to Ethereum dialogue. Back then, we didn’t call it MEV. Phil Daian & his co-publishers named “Miner Extractable Value” a year and a bit later in their seminal paper: Flash Boys 2.0. Back then we…

We’re excited to share the first guide in our new Developer Education series. Be sure to follow the Summa publication to stay up-to-date on this series and our upcoming announcements. This guide was written on 3/30/2019. Standardness is node policy, not consensus, and may change from version to version. …

An engineer’s guide to ETH2.0 What is ETH2.0? ETH2.0 is the planned replacement for Ethereum. Over the next several years, ETH2.0’s designers intend to completely subsume Ethereum’s consensus system and state altogether. With such a broad scope, we can’t say precisely what ETH2.0 will or will not include. We do have a few specs, and quite a few…

On November 15 at 10 am PT, Summa began the world’s first cross-chain auction. We are auctioning 10 non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on Ethereum for Bitcoin in a completely trustless process featuring direct interaction between Solidity smart contracts and Bitcoin payments. These 10 tokens are unique badges of participation in the…

On November 15 at 10 am PT, Summa will run the world’s first cross-chain auction. We’ll auction 10 non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on Ethereum for Bitcoin in a completely trustless process featuring direct interaction between Solidity smart contracts and Bitcoin payments. These 10 tokens are unique badges of participation in the…

At Summa we work with cryptoassets on dozens of chains. Each chain is different. Models for states and consensus mechanisms vary widely through the ecosystem. But they all seem to share a purpose: allowing users to participate in consensus. Permissioned Shared State A blockchain brings nodes to consensus on a shared state (more…

Summa is building the future of financial services on the blockchain. Subscribe to our newsletter and stay up to date at: summa.one Today we’re pleased to announce the release of Riemann, a toolbox for application development on Bitcoin and dozens of other UTXO-based blockchains. Riemann makes it easy to build…

Bitcoin, having no discernible faults, comes equipped with several different time locks. These tools allow you to specify time-based conditions under which transactions are valid. …

Miners and Consensus: Part 1 of 2 — The Consensus Layer Illusion Ethereum is a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts: applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third party interference. — Ethereum.org As developers, we like to believe in a consensus layer that takes care of all the hard distributed systems problems and lets…