How to save thermonuclear reactors?

OPEN Mirror — a kind of magnetic mirror for holding thermonuclear plasma in a certain volume of space, limited in the direction along the field. In contrast to closed mirrors (tokamaks, stellarators), which have the shape of a toroid, open mirrors are characterized by a linear geometry, and the magnetic field lines. the fields cross the end surfaces of the plasma (the origin of the term “Open mirror” is connected with the latter circumstance — they are “open” from the ends). Open mirrors have a number of potential advantages over closed mirrors: they are simpler to engineer, and they use the energy of the plasma confining magnet more efficiently. field, it is easier to solve the problem of removing heavy impurities and products of a thermonuclear reaction from the plasma, many varieties of open mirrors. can work in a completely stationary mode. However, the possibility of realizing these advantages in a fusion reactor based on open mirrors requires more experiments. evidence. Magnetic Mirror — the most common type of open mirrors. (Fig. 1, a). Proposed at the beginning 1950s independently G. I. Budker and R. Post (R. Post). Areas of strong magnetic the fields at the ends of this mirror confine the plasma, which is why they are called magnetic mirrors.

Rice. Fig. 1. Various types of open magnetic mirrors (dots show plasma): a — mirror cell; b — ambipolar mirror (O — long central mirror cell, 1 — short end mirror cells); c — antiprobcotron (0 — magnetic field sack, A — axial gap, B — annular gap); d — multiple-mirror mirror.

Logic error.

So, despite the prospects of the mirror cell design of a fusion reactor, scientists abandoned this design.

It was announced that the weak point is the magnetic plugs.

It is argued that it is the magnetic mirrors that cannot cope with the plasma retention in the reactor cavity. And it was proposed to replace the mirror cells with toroidal magnetic mirrors.

Naturally, it didn’t help. But instead of admitting his mistake. That is, to admit that the proboroni does not work at all because of weak magnetic plugs, but for some other reasons. Scientists continue to balk at their delusions.

Why don’t thermo nuclear reactors work?

The reason why such designs will never work on the surface. For example, in a textbook you can read that “in an external magnetic field, the plasma behaves like a diamagnetic medium.” But this is not entirely true. As soon as we turn matter into plasma or into a set of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic properties of both electrons and protons (ions) appear. Electrons in a plasma are essentially an electron gas. The magnetic properties of the electron gas are the sum of the diamagnetic and three times the paramagnetic effects. The paramagnetic effect is due to a change in the orientation of the electron spin relative to the external magnetic field.

That is, the electrons are drawn into the magnetic field. And protons (ions), etc. on the contrary, they are diamagnets. And therefore, if we create super-strong magnetic fields in tokomaks. Protons or ions will be under the influence of both centrifugal forces and, first of all, diamagnetic forces, easily and simply leave the zone with an increased magnetic field density and come into contact with the walls of the reactors. This is what is observed in all “magnetic thermonuclear reactors”. That is, there is a fundamental mistake in the design of both mirror cells and tokomaks. In them, the holding magnetic field is dense in the center and weakens from the center to the periphery. Thus, the diamagnetic forces are directed strictly from the center to the walls. And the more and stronger we use electromagnets, the greater will be the diamagnetic force pushing the plasma out of the holding magnetic field.

What to do?

Now it is known for sure that the replacement of the corktron with a “donut” did not give much. Plasma particles both flew off the “axes” or magnetic field lines and fly off. And it is naturally diamagnetic properties of protons (ions) to cancel difficult if at all possible. Therefore, with an increase in heating, and sooner or later, diamagnetic and centrifugal forces are torn off the “axes” or lines of force of the magnetic field, around which charged particles rush like a whirlwind.

First way. The density of the magnetic field should be changed so that the magnetic field is less dense in the center and becomes denser towards the periphery.

Thus, the diamagnetic properties of protons (ions) to some extent will be able to resist centrifugal forces, since the diamagnetic forces acting on protons will act towards the center of the “bundle”, and not towards the outer walls of the trap. With this configuration, electrons under the action of paramagnetic forces will gather mainly on the outer side of the magnetic annular field, but protons (ions), on the contrary, under the action of diamagnetic forces, will move to the center. Provided that this diamagnetic force will be greater than centrifugal. It is clear that technically implement such a proposal. That is, to create a mirror cell or a donut with a similar density distribution of the annular magnetic field is technically very difficult, if not impossible. Therefore, the second way should also be considered.

The second way. As part of this second path, we just need to stop this bacchanalia with a hash and rotation of particles. Yes, so that all particles freeze, only frozen particles will not be able to leave the working chamber of a thermonuclear reactor. And you can do this by turning the ‘bottle’ not into a cross, but into a magnetic ‘hedgehog’

As soon as the plasma particles enter such a crossed magnetic field, the movement in a spiral around the lines of force is significantly limited, this is due to the fact that the cross arrangement of the lines of force makes it very difficult for charged particles to rotate around the magnetic field lines that are perpendicular to each other. Further, diamagnetic forces also act on the protons.

All substances are diamagnets, to one degree or another. And plasma particles also have this property. This is a manifestation of plasma diamagnetism: it always tends to move into the region of a weaker magnetic field. In the proposed design for confining the plasma, the ionized bunch is located so that the magnetic field increases in density from the center of the bunch in all directions, i.e. the plasma is in the region of the minimum magnetic field. And the squeezing forces will act on the plasma clot. The Coulomb forces will also act between the bunch particles

Collecting or bringing together charged plasma particles of different signs to each other at a minimum distance. As a result, the plasma cloud under the influence of the Coulomb and Diamagnetic forces will gather in the conditional center of the magnetic mirror.

Compressed by diamagnetic forces and partially by Coulomb forces acting between positive and negative plasma particles.

About pressure.

The greater the compressive action of the Diamagnetic forces, the better. The higher the plasma temperature, the stronger the thermal motion of plasma particles. And the higher the probability of particles getting on the walls of the reactor. This is the essence of the problem, that plasma particles are not immobilized in space. But the diamagnetic forces in this design will collect plasma particles in the center of the trap, replacing the gravitational forces acting on the solar plasma. The more this pressure, the better.

Obviously, in order to prevent the interaction of plasma with the walls of the reactor, it is enough to simply immobilize the plasma particles in space. And then the plasma particles will not fly to any walls. Further, the higher the pressure, the higher temperatures, for example, water boils. That is, chaos in the system does not occur at 100 degrees as at normal pressure, but at higher temperatures.

Epilogue.

This is how, by removing the movement of charges or plasma particles in a magnetic field, one can hope that the plasma particles pumped with energy will merge in a thermonuclear reaction. Under the action of two compressive forces “Diamagnetic Force” and “Coulomb Forces”. It’s like when cooking porridge, if you interfere with a spoon, the porridge does not burn from here and all the failures with tokomaks and corktrons. But stop stirring and the porridge will burn or the reaction will start.

Literature

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