以下範例皆參考openzeppelin opcode的系列文章（共六篇）撰寫。
- Deconstructing a Solidity Contract — Part I: Introduction
- Deconstructing a Solidity Contract — Part II: Creation vs. Runtime
- Deconstructing a Solidity Contract — Part III: The Function Selector
- Deconstructing a Solidity Contract — Part IV: Function Wrappers
- Deconstructing a Solidity Contract — Part V: Function Bodies
- Deconstructing a Solidity Contract — Part VI: The Metadata Hash
本篇文章建議有solidity開發經驗的讀者閱讀，初學者不適合本篇文章。本文與Solidity opcode基礎有相關性，建議閱讀後再讀本篇文章。
本文目的不在教會讀者寫opcode（作者也沒厲害到這個程度ＸＤ），而是要帶領讀者了解solidity bytecode的基本架構！本文所述，皆參考openzeppelin opcode的系列文章，及使用remix debug工具「觀察」bytecode執行時「memory和stack的變化」所寫出。因此不保證涵蓋能解讀「完整」的solidity bytecode架構，這也是本文命名為，嘗試拆解Solidity編譯後。
範例程式使用「solidity v0.4.24」，對齊openzeppelin範例的版本，讀者操作時，請注意版本號。另外https://www.evm.codes/?fork=grayGlacier的opcode使用solidity最新版本編譯，使用該網站轉譯bytecode成opcode，「執行結果」與openzeppelin opcode系列文章會「略有不同」！
佈署時constructor的_initialSupply請帶「10000」！！！
將範例合約佈署至測試鏈後，可以拿到以下bytecode。（建議實際佈署到測試鏈體驗）
可參閱作者佈署至goerli測試鏈的合約：https://goerli.etherscan.io/address/0xd048f37a6fea76560907cf4234df58bf5ff10765#code
- verify前：
// runtime 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
2. verify後：
// creation code + runtime code + constructor 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
3. 利用remix查閱creation code + runtime code：（object為bytecode，可直接轉譯為opcodes。opcodes是PUSH1 0x80 PUSH1 0x40…以下省略）
// creation code + runtime 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
4. evm codes網站可將bytecode直接轉為opcode，以便追蹤opcode（請複製creation code + runtime code將其轉換為可閱讀之opcode）
5. 接續第4點，按下run及右上角的播放鍵後，可以在memory得到一組bytecode。查閱過後（用ctrl + f查閱），可以發現該組btyecode是runtime code
前置作業完成，讓我們正式開始拆解！
Solidity的bytecode可以拆成兩個大項目，creation code和runtime code。
- creation code：代表constructor的程式碼
- runtime code：代表非constructor的程式碼，也就是developer寫的各個function，最終會留在以太鏈的bytecode（程式碼）
拆解一份bytecode，要先找到程式的終止位置及
CODECOPY opcode。終止程式的opcode有stop、return、revert、selfdestruct（忘記可以回去複習Solidity opcode基礎）。CODECOPY opcode的用途是將指定區間的opcode複製到memory。
綜上所述，讓我們回到前置作業第5點的圖片，同步尋找codecopy和終止程式的opcode。我們發現89的位置是codecopy，8c的位置是return。若我們用step into一步步執行opcode，會發現執行到8c程式就把8e後的程式直接return了！（如下圖）
用remix debug工具觀察codecopy吃的參數
現在統整一下剛剛的操作。
- 我們執行了creation code + runtime code。注意，程式的第1部份是creation code，第2部份是runtime code。「程式從creation code開始執行，也就是從constructor開始執行！」
- creation code佔據142bytes，142的16進制為8d
- codecopy從8e開始複製opcode到最後一個bytecode
- codecopy執行過到8c（return opcode）直接return記憶體的資料回鏈上，終止程式。「記憶體內的資料正是runtime code！」