Classical realism in international relations

Classical realism is one of the prominent theories in the field of international relations (IR) that seeks to understand and explain the behavior of states and the dynamics of the international system. It emerged as a response to the challenges posed by the utopian ideals of liberal internationalism and the belief in international cooperation prevalent during the interwar period and post-World War II era.

Key Principles of Classical Realism:

State-Centrism

Classical realists view the state as the central actor in international relations. States are sovereign entities with their own interests, and they act to preserve and maximize their power and security. Individual leaders and governments may come and go, but the state’s interests persist.

Anarchy

Classical realists emphasize the presence of an anarchic international system, meaning that there is no higher authority or global government that can enforce rules and maintain order among states. In the absence of a central authority, states must rely on their own capabilities to ensure their survival and protect their interests.

Power and Security

Power is a crucial concept in classical realism. States constantly seek to increase their relative power compared to others, as a stronger position enhances their security and ability to shape the international environment. This pursuit of power can manifest through military build-ups, alliances, and strategic calculations.

Human Nature

Classical realists view human nature as inherently flawed and driven by self-interest. Leaders and decision-makers are believed to be rational, but they prioritize their own state’s interests over moral or ethical considerations when making foreign policy decisions.

Balance of Power

In an anarchic system, where states are wary of one another’s actions, a balance of power becomes essential to prevent any one state from dominating others. States form alliances and cooperate when their interests align, but they also maintain a degree of competition to ensure no single power becomes too dominant.

Historical Continuity

Classical realists often draw lessons from history, believing that historical patterns and recurring themes can help predict and understand states’ behavior in the present and future.

Criticism and Limitations:

While classical realism provides valuable insights into the power dynamics of the international system, it has faced criticism for oversimplifying complex interactions among states and neglecting the influence of non-state actors, such as international organizations and multinational corporations. Additionally, its pessimistic view of human nature and focus on power politics can hinder the consideration of cooperative and normative aspects of international relations.

In summary, classical realism remains a fundamental theory in international relations, emphasizing state-centric behavior, anarchy, power, and the balance of power as critical factors shaping the actions and interactions of states in the international arena.