Annotated Bibliography
Bachman, R., & Saltzman, L. E. (1995). National Crime Victimization Survey: Violence against Women: Estimates from the Redesigned Survey. PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e377832004–001
This redesigned survey completed by Ronet Bachman a Bureau of Justice Statistician and Linda E. Saltzman a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Senior Scientist encourages victims of intimate partner violence to report a broader spectrum of incidents to the interviewer. It was interesting to see the comparison between the previous discoveries from 1987–1991 and the current 1992–1993 ones since women were more likely to speak out about rape and sexual assault. Although the study was completed in 1995, the information is still relevant today and in my post because it demonstrates how prevalent intimate partner violence still is. It also explains how age,race, and annual family income plays a huge role in the abuse of women. Although everyone is susceptible to being a victim, women the age of 19–29 reported more violence by their intimate partners as well as those families that earned less than 10,000 a year. Together, the new statistics calls attention to the groups of people that organizations should be targeting to better assist as well as the importance of word structure in studies.
Bagwell-Gray, M. E., Messing, J. T., & Baldwin-White, A. (2015). Intimate Partner Sexual Violence: A Review of Terms, Definitions, and Prevalence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(3), 316–335. doi:10.1177/1524838014557290
This article calls attention to the limited amount of studies done on intimate partner sexual violence. For that reason, the purpose of the article is to review the definitions and measurements of intimate partner sexual violence within the limited studies. After both scholarly and non scholarly American journals were reviewed forty-nine met the criteria to be included in the article. It was concluded that researchers do not use common terminology within journals pertaining to intimate partner sexual violence and that different measurement tools are used to identify IPSV forms as well. The many inconsistencies results in limited prevention strategies and treatment interventions which affect victims. The author’s intended audience seems to be those in charge of conducting studies since they dictate several times the influence that a lack of one definition per term has on those that read the academic work. Overall, this source is essential to my post since it shows evidence that intimate partner sexual violence is difficult to understand and also demonstrates why.
Degue, S., Valle, L. A., Holt, M. K., Massetti, G. M., Matjasko, J. L., & Tharp, A. T. (2014). A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), 346–362. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.05.004
Within this text, the authors review 140 outcome evaluations of prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Their overall objective is to describe and evaluate the quality in each one to then be able to summarize the best available programs due to their effectiveness. Most of the psycho-educational programs were not effective, however, three prevention strategies have proven to work time and again to reduce sexually violent behavior. The author’s intended audience seems to be IPSV program coordinators since they provide a guideline to the tactics that so far seem to be working to help prevent IPSV. All together, this source is useful in my post because it confirms that prevention programs do work given the adequate structure.
Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | RAINN | Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network. (n.d.). Retrieved May 02, 2016, from https://rainn.org/get-information/types-of-sexual-assault/drug-facilitated-assault
The Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network (RAINN) is the nation’s largest anti-sexual assault organization. It created and operates the National Sexual Assault Hotline (800–656-HOPE), while also carrying out programs to prevent sexual violence to help victims and ensure that rapists are brought to justice. Their website provides helpful resources for victims of abuse like how to find a local counseling center, as well as information on how to help a friend or family member who has been raped. Other details within the website include a layout of the types of sexual violence and statistics too. They are clearly very knowledgeable about everything having to do with sexual assaults so this website is more than qualified as a useful source for my topic of intimate partner sexual violence.
Frieden, T. R., Degutis, L. C., & Spivak, H. R. (2010). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. Retrieved May 02, 2016, from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf
Published in 2011, the NISVS 2010 Summary Report presents data on the national prevalence of IPV, SV, and stalking among women and men in the United States. The 2010 survey is the first year of the survey and provides baseline data that will be used to track IPV, SV, and stalking trends. It is a useful survey to identify how many victims of intimate partner sexual abuse have reported to have been raped by their partners. This source is a national report from 2010, therefore it is reliable and current. The table of context includes devoted chapters to all the needed information regarding topics like sexual violence victimization, violence by an intimate partner, and impact of intimate partner violence. Seeing as this report includes everything about my topic, it is the best source for it.
Injury Prevention & Control : Division of Violence Prevention. (n.d.). Retrieved May 02, 2016, from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is the nation’s health protection agency, working 24/7 to protect America from health and safety threats both foreign and domestic. Since they strive to promote healthy and safe behaviors, communities, and environment, they were my number one choice for defining terms like sexual violence. CDS’s role is also to detect and respond to new and emerging health threats. Therefore their high expertise on occurrences like intimate partner violence make them a credible resource for prevention strategies and programs as well. Overall, since they aim to tackle the biggest health problems causing death and disabilities for Americans it is a very useful website to obtain current information regarding intimate partner sexual violence.
Koss, M. P., Gidycz, C. A., & Wisniewski, N. (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(2), 162–170. doi:10.1037/0022–006x.55.2.162
This study directed in 1987, aimed to measure the currency of sexual assault in higher education settings across the Unites States. Specifically, a self report questionnaire was administered to a sample of 6,159 students in 32 institutions. Although the study is from 1987, it is beneficial for my post because it reveals that many students, especially those in higher education have a difficult time understand the definition of rape. At the same time, while 54% of women claimed to be sexually victimized, only 25% of college men admitted any degree of sexually aggressive behavior.
Additional Resources
Babcock, R. L., & Deprince, A. P. (2013). Factors Contributing to Ongoing Intimate Partner Abuse: Childhood Betrayal Trauma and Dependence on One’s Perpetrator. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 28(7), 1385–1402. doi:10.1177/0886260512468248
In this study, Rebecca L. Babcock and Anne P. DePrince evaluate whether the history of childhood betrayal trauma and the dependency of their perpetrators increase a woman’s risk of being an ongoing victim of intimate partner abuse. To be specific, women’s dependence on their abusers was defined as being unemployed and having a child under the age of thirteen. The research was conducted from 236 women who had previously reported intimate partner abuse to the police at an urban U.S city in the Rocky Mountains West. The initial police report had to have had involved a heterosexual couple with a male being accused. From there, weeks later the women were asked information for the first time about their employment status, number of children, childhood betrayal trauma experiences, and current trauma related related symptoms. Six months later, only 81% of the 236 women returned to answer the follow up set of questions where they were asked about their ethnic background and highest level of education. The study concluded that just like Babcock and DePrince had thought, higher levels of childhood betrayal trauma predicted higher levels of ongoing victimization after the following six months of the first police reported incident of intimate partner abuse. It also concluded that the dependence of women on their abusers experienced high levels of ongoing victimization, especially whose women who were unemployed.
Babcock and DePrince strengths include reliable measures of childhood betrayal trauma, employment status, posttraumatic stress, depression, dissociation, ongoing victimization, and incident severity. They point out that there is only a handful of studies on the correlation between ongoing victimization and the dependence of victims on their abusers. For that reason, their strength is also in providing a concrete idea of the effects that diminished opportunities can have on women.
Bonomi, A. E., Anderson, M. L., Nemeth, J., Bartle-Haring, S., Buettner, C., & Schipper, D. (2012). Dating violence victimization across the teen years: Abuse frequency, number of abusive partners, and age at first occurrence. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 637–646. doi:10.1186/1471–2458–12–637
This article pertains to a study that focuses on researched information regarding the frequency of abusive partners in U.S adolescents ages 13–19. They were mainly interested in finding out the age of first occurrence for many victims. They concluded that 64 percent of females reported to having violence within their relationship. Information was also provided in the percentage of females that were in contact with controlling partners, put downs, pressured sex, hitting, and threats. Overall, the study was educational in awareness of what teen dating victims are susceptible to. With this study, organizations can get an idea of the programs that need to be created to undertake physical, psychological, and sexual violence for young girls. It relates directly to my central question of: what are the forms of intimate partner violence against women? Seeing that I was able to obtain information about some forms of IPV in teenage girls.
Brode, G. (2016, March 30). How can Snapchat help in an abusive relationship? Retrieved from http://www.abc-7.com/story/31603498/how-can-snapchat-help-in-an-abusive-relationship
This article from ABC7 news describes how the social media app Snapchat is helping teens in abusive relationships get help. It calls attention to the small group in India who wanted to make a difference and created an account named the Love Doctor. Once you have a Snapchat account, users can add the Love Doctor as a friend and send them questions regarding how to get help or any other concerns. Although the Love Doctor is new, the article claims they are becoming very popular because of its ability to let victims be discrete and not have their abusers find out. Victims of abuse can also video chat with a counselor which makes them feel less alone. This article was useful because it is evidence that people are using their platform to speak out about intimate partner violence.
Chibber, K. S., & Krishnan, S. (2011). Confronting Intimate Partner Violence: A Global Health Priority. Mount Sinai Journal Of Medicine, 78(3), 449–457. doi:10.1002/msj.20259
Article by Chibber and Krishnan focuses on the health aspect of intimate partner violence so that women feel more comfortable confiding in the health system with their problems. Since some women face long term reproductive outcomes after being abused they often end up in need of health services. They argue that the health system should create a supportive environment, have a clear method to dealing with victims, and that more research is needed so that men are engaged to put a stop to IPV. They use data from developed and developing countries to discern the differences of what policies work better for each. For example, in developing countries young women tend to get married earlier so intimate partner violence should be addressed in reproductive health programs. This study was useful to my research because it outlined some flaws with the current health system which therefore has an impact on IPV medical care.
Jeltsen, M. (2016, March 30). 3 Women Are Killed Everyday By Their Partners. Here Are 59 Ideas On How To Stop The Violence. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-to-stop-domestic-violence-murder_us_56eeb745e4b09bf44a9d85f6
The Huffington Post Women report as described asked survivors, advocates, and experts how to reduce fatal domestic violence and therefore came up with 59 ideas on how to stop the violence. It begins by providing statistics about the murder rates of women in the United States and accounts that approximately three women are killed each day by their loved one. The report is divided into several sections, from the criminal justice system, gun safety reforms, financial assistance, education and training, divorce and child custody, support services and shelters, and at last the workplace. I found all of the ideas quite helpful and it helped me see all the different perspectives in which women are being affected by intimate partner violence.
Sanders, C. K. (2015). Economic Abuse in the Lives of Women Abused by an Intimate Partner: A Qualitative Study. Violence Against Women, 21(1), 3–29. doi:10.1177/1077801214564167
In this article, Cynthia K. Sanders speaks about the male’s objective to gain control over a relationship by putting the woman down. Throughout the article, Sanders investigates different roles of economic and financial issues of women and how they have participated in intimate partner violence. She achieves this by providing data from previous research that concludes that as a woman’s income goes down, her chances of being in an abusive relationship goes up. In addition to that, she points out how it is clear that the lack of access to economic resources makes women dependent on their abusive partners which additionally makes it more difficult for them to press charges as well. If they do leave the relationship, the lack of long-term affordable housing makes them more likely to return to their abusive partners. If the woman is employed, then her chances of being controlled by her partner diminish. On the other hand, there is also a chance that the abusive partner may feel intimidated which prompts for even more abuse to put a stop to a woman’s independence. Which goes to show the complexity of financial issues and their role for intimate partner violence because either way a man may result to violence to gain control. Overall, eight themes were found, monetary control, economic dependence and the role of leaving or staying, impetus to abuse, employment and education, impact on debt and credit, stealing and destruction of property, aftermath of economic abuse, and financial strategies. They all point to the economic abuse that a woman is susceptible to in addition to sexual, emotional, and physical abuse of intimate partner violence.
The strengths of this article relies on it’s call for attention of the many more programs that need to be created to that women have the same financial opportunities as men. Not only that, but more programs that assist women after they are able to leave an abusive relationship need to be created. Employers also need to take some action to create a safe working environment and keep their workers safe from partner abuse.
Miller, J. (2006). A Specification of the Types of Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Women in the General Population. Violence Against Women, 12(12), 1105–1131. doi:10.1177/1077801206293501
A study done by JoAnn Miller describes in great detail the vast amount of intimate partner forms against women in the United States. The study is done by analyzing data from a national general population survey; the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS). It is in comparison to several studies conducted before, specifically two, the first by Johnson and Ferraro the second one by Gordon. Although previous studies took different approaches, their essential goal, like Miller’s was also to define the various types of domestic violence that women experience. Data shows correlation between three types of IPV, sexual assault, rape, and stalking then describes how each is experienced differently. One of the results showed that if a woman is assaulted, she is also at greater risk of being raped by her partner. This study also helps with my research since it recognizes some of the forms of intimate partner violence.
Modi, M. N., Palmer, S., & Armstrong, A. (2014). The Role of Violence Against Women Act in Addressing Intimate Partner Violence: A Public Health Issue. Journal Of Women’s Health (15409996), 23(3), 253–259. doi:10.1089/jwh.2013.4387
This article relates to my topic of intimate partner violence against women because it portrays a side that is not widely known about. Although intimate partner violence is an important topic in the United States, this article illustrates the underrepresented groups of people within it. It talks about immigrants, lesbians, gay, transgender, bisexual individuals and addresses proposals so that everyone is equally treated. It does a great job at giving background information about intimate partner violence and how the violence against women act was created. It gives a timeline of the changes in the VAWA and how it has come a long way, while at the same time points out there is still some more work needed.
