Racist City Directories: 1870–1960

Is the letter “C” behind your name in City Phone Directory?

Dr. Mary Marshall, PhD
6 min readMar 10, 2023
Photo from “theancestorhunt.com

Did you know there was once the letter C after every Colored/Black name and/or business in the phone book of eleven states: Alabama, Parts of Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Washington, D. C., and West Virginia?

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Dr. Mary Marshall, PhD

I’m a historian focusing on African Americans/Women. I’m also an archivist, researcher, writer and amateur photographer.