Good article! Thanks for sharing, really throws a bunch of things to start chatting about with a coffee in hand :)
I feel that you mention a lot of different valid definitions, or rather spectrums for “consistency”. But rarely I think is a hard mix of just one. Probably you have them all, and there is where the game starts, and your product blends to create the perfect mix. The good amount of sugar to bring all the standards or mental models your users already have, all the cultural environment, all the industry and product related patterns, and yes, also common patterns or consistencies for basic actions or procedures on digital products.
Baking a cake with too much of any of those will result on something hard to swallow.