Ancient Indian 14 Vidya (Techniques) 64 Kala (Art forms)
In the Ancient India, the Gurus in Gurukulas taught their students about Vedas and Shastras, Shrutis and Smrutis, Upanishads and Puranas, 14 Vidya (techniques)
Consist of 4 Ved : Rugved Samved Yajurved Atharvaved and 4 Upved :
Arthashastra : An ancient Indian Hindu treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya and Vishnugupta.
Dhanurved : The term derives from the words for bow (dhanushya) and knowledge (veda), literally the “science of archery”.
Gandharvaveda : An ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre, dance and music.
Ayurveda : The word ayurveda consists of the words ayus, meaning “longevity”, and veda, meaning “related to knowledge” or “science”. Thus Ayurveda is the science of life.
6 Vedange : There are six Vedangas: Shiksha (phonetics), Kalpa (rituals), Vyakarana (grammar), Jyotishya (astronomy), Nirukta (etymology) and Chhandas (metrics). These are mentioned in the Upanishads.
Shiksha : Shiksha is one of the six Vedangas, treating the traditional Hindu science of phonetics and phonology of Sanskrit. Its aim is the teaching of the correct pronunciation of the Vedic hymns and mantras.
Kalpa : One of the six disciplines of Vedanga, treating ritual.
Vyakaran : The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyakarana is one of the six Vedanga disciplines. It has its roots in late Vedic India, and includes the famous work, Astadhyayi, of Panini.
Nirukta : Nirukta (“explanation, etymological interpretation”) is one of the six Vedanga disciplines of Hinduism, treating etymology, particularly of obscure words, especially those occurring in the Vedas.
The discipline is traditionally attributed to Yaska, an ancient Sanskrit grammarian. In practical use, nirukta consists of brief rules (sutras) for deriving word meanings, supplemented with glossaries of difficult or rare Vedic words.
Chhanda : In Sanskrit, it refers to the study of Vedic meter in Classical Sanskrit poetry.
Jyotish : Jyotisa (Sanskrit jyotisa, from jyotis- “light, heavenly body”: also anglicized Jyotish and Jyotisha) is the Hindu system of astrology (also known as Indian astrology, Hindu astrology, and of late, Vedic astrology). Traditionally, it has three branches -
1. Siddhanta : traditional Indian astronomy.
2a. Samhita
2b. Medini Jyotisha (mundane astrology) : Predicting important events based on analysis of astrological dynamics in a country’s horoscope or general transit events such as war, earthquakes, political events, financial positions, electional astrology; house and construction related matters (Vastu Shastra), animals, portents, omens etc.
3. Hora : Predictive astrology based on analysis of natal horoscopes and the moment a query is made.
64 Kala (Activities in fine arts and crafts) consist of -
Geet : Art of singing.
Vadya : Art of playing on musical instruments.
Nrutya : Art of dancing.
Natya : Art of theatricals.
Aalekh : Art of painting
Vishesh Kacchedya : Art of painting the face and body with colored unguents and cosmetics.
Tandul kusumavali vikar : Art of preparing offerings from rice and flowers.
Pushpastaran : Art of making a covering of flowers for a bed.
Dashanvasanang raag : Art of applying preparations for cleansing the teeth, cloths and painting the body.
Manibhumika karma : Art of making the groundwork of jewels.
Shayan rachana : Art of covering the bed.
Udak vadya : Art of playing on music in water.
Udakaghata : Art of splashing with water.
Chitrayog : Art of practically applying an admixture of colors.
Malya grantha vikalpa : Art of designing a preparation of wreaths.
Kesha-shekhara-pidyojana : Art of practically setting the coronet on the head.
Nepathyayog : Art of practically dressing in the tiring room.
Karnapatrabhang : Art of decorating the tragus of the ear.
Gandhayukti / Sugandhayukti : Art of practical application of aromatics.
Bhushanayojan : Art of applying or setting ornaments.
Indrajal : Art of jugglery.
Kouchumaryog : A kind of art.
Hastalaghav : Art of sleight of hand.
Chitra Shabdapup Bhakshya Vikar Kriya : Art of preparing varieties of salad, bread, cake and delicious food.
Panaka-rasa-ragasava-yojana : Art of practically preparing palatable drinks and tinging draughts with red color.
Suchikarma : Art of needleworks and weaving.
Sutrakarma : Art of playing with thread.
Vina-damuraka-vadya : Art of playing on lute and small x-shaped drum.
Prahelika : Art of making and solving riddles.
Pratimala : Art of caping or reciting verse for verse as a trial for memory or skill.
Durvachakayog : Art of practicing language difficult to be answered by others.
Pustakvachan : Art of reciting books.
Natakakhyayika darshan : Art of enacting short plays and anecdotes.
Kavyasamasyapurti : Art of solving enigmatic verses.
Pattika vetra-ban-vikalpa : Art of designing preparation of shield, cane and arrows.
Turkakarma : Art of spinning by spindle.
Takshan : Art of carpentry.
Vastuvidya : Art of engineering.
Roupya ratna pariksha : Art of testing silver and jewels.
Dhatuvad : Art of metallurgy.
Maniraagdnyan : Art of tinging jewels.
Aakardnyan : Art of mineralogy.
Vrukshayurvedyog : Art of practicing medicine or medical treatment, by herbs.
Mesh-kukkut-lavakyudhha vidhi : Art of knowing the mode of fighting of lambs, cocks and birds.
Shukasarika prapalana : Art of maintaining or knowing conversation between male and female cockatoos.
Utsadan : Art of healing or cleaning a person with perfumes.
Keshmarjan koushal : Art of combing hair.
Akshar mushtikakathan : Art of talking with letters and fingers.
Mlencchitkalavikalpa : Art of fabricating barbarous or foreign sophistry.
Deshbhashadnyan : Art of knowing provincial dialects.
Pushpa-shakatika-nimittadnyan : Art of knowing prediction by heavenly voice or knowing preparation of toy carts by flowers.
Yantramatruka : Art of mechanics.
Dharanmatruka : Art of the use of amulets.
Sanpathya/Samvachya : Art of conversation.
Manasikavya : Art of composing verse mentally.
Kriyavikalpa : Art of designing a literary work or a medical remedy.
Chlikyog / Chalitakayoga : Art of practicing as a builder of shrines called after him.
Abhidhankosh chhandodnyan : Art of the use of lexicography and meters.
Vastragopan : Art of concealment of cloths.
Dyut visesha : Art of knowing specific gambling.
Aakarshan krida : Art of playing with dice or magnet.
Balkridakarma : Art of using children’s toys.
Vainayiki vidyadnyan : Art of enforcing discipline.
Vaijayiki vidyadnyan : Art of gaining victory.
Vyayamiki vidyadnyan : Art of awakening master with music at dawn.
Basically 18 maha puranas and 18 Upa Puranas. Of these, six are Sattvic Puranas glorifying Vishnu; six are Rajasic, glorifying Brahma; six are Tamasic, glorifying Siva.
Vyasa, the son of Rishi Parasara, is said to be the author of them all.
Agni Purana: Includes geography of Mithila (Bihar and neighboring states), cultural history, politics, education system, iconography, taxation theories, organization of army, theories on proper causes for war, diplomacy, local laws, building public projects, water distribution methods, trees and plants, medicine, Vastu Shastra (architecture), gemology, grammar, metrics, poetry, food, rituals , martial arts and numerous other topics
Bhagavata Purana: The most studied and popular of the Puranas. telling of Vishnu’s Avatars, and of Vaishnavism. It contains a controversial genealogical details of various dynasties. Numerous inconsistent versions of this text and historical manuscripts exist, in many Indian languages. Influential and elaborated during Bhakti movement.
Brahma/Aadi Purana : Includes mythology, theory of war, art work in temples, and other cultural topics.
Brahmananda Purana: it contains a controversial genealogical details of various dynasties. Includes Lalita Sahasranamam, law codes, system of governance, administration, diplomacy, trade, ethics. Old manuscripts of Brahmanda Purana have been found in the Hindu literature collections of Bali, Indonesia.
Brahmavaivarta Purana :Discusses Shiva, Parvati, Ganesha, Devis, Vishnu, Krishna and Radha. Primarily mythology, love and seduction stories of gods and goddesses. Mentions geography and rivers such as Ganga to Kaveri.
Garuda Purana : Cosmology, relationship between gods. Discusses ethics, what are crimes, good verses evil, various schools of Hindu philosophies, the theory of Yoga, the theory of “heaven and hell” with “karma and rebirth”, includes Upanishadic discussion of self-knowledge as a means of moksha.
Includes chapters on rivers, geography of Bharat (India) and other nations on earth, types of minerals and stones, testing methods for stones for their quality, various diseases and their symptoms, various medicines, aphrodisiacs, prophylactics, Hindu calendar and its basis, astronomy, moon, planets, astrology, architecture, building home, essential features of a temple, rites of passage, virtues such as compassion, charity and gift making, economy, thrift, duties of a king, politics, state officials and their roles and how to appointment them, genre of literature, rules of grammar, and other topics. The final chapters discuss how to practice Yoga (Samkhya and Advaita types), personal development and the benefits of self-knowlede.
Kurma Purana: explains vishnu’s 2nd avatara.
Linga Purana : Discusses Lingam, symbol of Shiva, and origin of the universe.
Markandeya Puana : Contains chapters on dharma and on Hindu epic Mahabharata. The Purana includes Devi Mahatmyam of Shaktism.
Matsya Putana : Includes legends about Brahma and Saraswati. It also contains a controversial genealogical details of various dynasties.
Narada Purana: Lists major rivers of India and places of pilgrimage, and a short tour guide for each. Includes discussion of various philosophies, soteriology, planets, astronomy, myths and characteristics of major deities including Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, Krishna, Rama, Lakshmi and others.
Padma Purana: Describes cosmology, the world and nature of life from the perspective of Vishnu. Discusses festivals, numerous legends, geography of rivers and regions from northwest India to Bengal to the kingdom of Tripura, major sages of India, various Avatars of Vishnu and his cooperation with Shiva, Places of pilgrimage.
ShivaPurana : Stories about Shiva.
Skanda Purana : Describes the birth of Skanda (or Karthikeya), son of Shiva. The longest Purana, it is an extraordinarily meticulous pilgrimage guide, containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centers in India, with related legends, parables, hymns and stories. Many untraced quotes are attributed to this text.
Vamana Purana: Describes North India, particularly Himalayan foothills region.
Varaha Purana : Primarily Vishnu-related worship manual, with large Mahatmya sections or travel guide to Mathura and Nepal.
Vayu Purana : Discusses rituals, family life, and life stages of a human being.
Vishnu Purana: A Vaishnavism text, focused on Vishnu.
Gijo Vijayan — Author
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