A Complete Introduction To Time Series Analysis (with R):: Estimating Autocorrelation

Over-differenced LakeHuron series data ACF. Ideally, a stationary series should have most lags within the confidence bounds.

In the last article, we went over a couple of important properties of the autocovariance function, and in previous articles, we have used multiple times the ggAcf and ggPacf functions to plot the ACF and PACF respectively. But how are these actually estimated them, and how do we know that they are being correctly estimated (and hopefully not too…