PHI 208 Entire Course
PHI 208 Week 5 Final paper
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Focus of the Final Paper
Choose one of the applied ethics topics from the list below. Provide a brief description of your topic and the thesis you chose in the opening paragraph of your paper. This topic should be the thesis that you worked on in Week One and refined in Week Three. Remember that your first paragraph must contain a clear thesis statement as in the assignments from Weeks One and Three. In the body of your paper, examine the issue by discussing how three of the ethical theories presented in this course could be used to answer the particular question you have formulated. Use the core principles of each of these theories to support your discussion. Complete your paper by identifying which ethical theory you think provides the most satisfactory moral answer to your question, or the theory that provides the least satisfactory answer to your question. You should create a list of strengths and weaknesses for each of the theories as applied to your question to assist you with this task. However, you should not merely present the strengths and weaknesses of each theory but must argue that one theory is better or worse than the others in this case. Remember that each paragraph in your body must begin with a topic sentence that clearly identifies the main idea of the paragraph. Your paper should be 1500 to 2000 words (not including the words on the title and reference pages) in length. This means that you should devote approximately 300 words to each of the ethical theories, and 300 words to supporting your argument for which theory works best or worst.
Just War § Resources for this topic can be found in Weeks Two and Four. Be sure to analyze both required and
recommended resources.
Duty to Aid Underprivileged People § Resources for this topic can be found in Week Five. Be sure to analyze both required and recommended
resources.
Equality (Gender)
Resources for this topic can be found in Week Five. Be sure to analyze both required and recommended resources.
Business Ethics § Resources for this topic can be found in Week Three. Be sure to analyze both required and recommended
resources.
Responsibility to Animals § Resources for this topic can be found in Weeks Two and Four. Be sure to analyze both required and
recommended resources.
Responsibility to the Environment § Resources for this topic can be found in Weeks Two and Four. Be sure to analyze both required and
recommended resources. End of Life
§ Resources for this topic can be found in Week One. Be sure to analyze both required and recommended resources.
The paper must be 1500 to 2000 words (excluding title and reference pages) in length and formatted according to APA style. You must utilize at least two required readings or media, and two recommended readings or media from any week of the course to support your claims. Cite your sources within the text of your paper and on the reference page. For information regarding APA, including samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar, in your online course.
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1. In Hill’s example, what did the wealthy eccentric man do to his yard after he bought a new house?
2. Robinson describes magnanimity as the mena between the extremes of:
3. Hill would claim that a lack of aesthetic perception
4. What is a difference between an internal good and an external good according to MacIntyre’s account?
5. Robinson describes magnanimity and integrity as both primarily concerned with what?
6. Robinson describes integrity as a virtue that has the
7. Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of human action is
8. Aristotle claims that the function of human life is:
9. Robinson suggests that the more closely one associates with one’s identity with a certain group, the more one will
10. Robinson argues that honor
PHI 208 Week 4 Media Quiz
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1. What would best express Colonel Nicholson’s (Alec Guinness) view regarding what makes a soldier, as expressed in the The Bridge on the River Kwai clip?
2. According to the scene from The Bridge on the River Kwai, what is the ultimate reason Colonel Nicholson (Alec Guinness) insists that the soldiers work hard to build the best bridge possible:
3. Which of the skills that Phil Connors (Bill Murray) learns in the course of his time in the
4. Which of these theories best describes the transformation of Phil Connors (Bill Murray) by the end of Groundhog Day?
5. In The Emperor’s Club, what best describes the teacher’s (Kevin Kline) response to his student’s (Emile Hirsch) admission of cheating?
6. What would be the most plausible message that Groundhog Day is communicating about the relation between ethical standards and individual happiness?
7. What is Rita’s (Andie MacDowell) response to Phil’s (Bill Murray) self-indulgence in the café (eating a tableful of pastries, smoking, etc.)?
8. Of the following choices, which is the most reasonable estimate of the amount of days that Phil Connors (Bill Murray) was stuck in the loop?
9. Which of these might be considered virtuous behavior on the part of Phil Connors (Bill Murray), according to accounts like Aristotle’s and MacIntyre’s?
10. Which of the following would be an idea shared both by the teacher (Kevin Kline) from the clip of The Emperor’s Club, and by either MacIntyre or Aristotle (or both)?
PHI 208 Week 3 Reading Quiz
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1. How does Milton Friedman present the common understanding of socially responsible acts on the part of business? 2. What is the argument by Ronald Duska, which Robert Larmer presents? 3. Which one of these is not a principle that can be drawn from the Categorical Imperative? 4. The legal argument that Freeman presents can be summed up like this: caveat emptor has been replaced with caveat venditor. This means that: 5. How can we best understand Milton Friedman’s objection that only persons, not businesses (i.e., corporations), have responsibilities?
PHI 208 Week 3 Media Quiz
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1. According to Kant, persons:
2. According to Kant, suicide is:
3. According to the video “Religion, War, and Violence,” Just War Theory asserts that military intervention
4. According to Thomas Nagel’s article, “War and Massacre,” the absolutist position that creates no problems of interpretation is
5. According to Nagel, which of the following may be permitted by absolutism, at least in some circumstances?
6. Kant explains that respect for a person is:
7. Michael Walzer argues that there is a radical distinction between war and civil life because
8. Kant argues that when I find someone in need:
9. Which would be an example of a hypothetical imperative, according to Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals:
10. According to Nagel, to which of the following groups of people is hostility most appropriately aimed?
11. Which one of these is not
12. Jeremy Waldron argues that drone warfare is neither ethical or effective because it
13. Kant claims that the moral law is given to each person by:
14. Reason is a faculty that we have that:
15. In Kant Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, the maxim of an act is:
16. According to the video “Religion, War, and Violence,” proponents of Just War Theory agree that without the restraints of Just War Theory
17. In the video “Drones Are Not Ethical and Effective,” Jeremy Waldron argues that drones are not ethical because their use involves
18. Michael Walzer argues that in the unique world of war, both morality and authority are
19. In the video “What Is Just War Theory?” Michael Walzer argues it is important to read the essays and memoir literature of soldiers because
20. In the video “What is Just War Theory?” Michael Walzer states that a core idea of Just War Theory
PHI 208 Week 3 Assignment Applying an Ethical Theory
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Applying an Ethical Theory. Choose either utilitarian or deontological ethical theory to complete this assignment. Write a paper that applies the theory you have chosen to the thesis problem that you selected in Week One and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of that theory in relation to the issue. You should try to follow these guidelines in writing your paper:
1. Introduction:
This should be one paragraph, no more than 120 words. The last sentence of the introduction should be a thesis sentence that briefly states how the question is viewed from the perspective of the ethical theory you have chosen.
2. Body:
3. Each paragraph in the body should start with a topic sentence that clearly identifies the main idea of the paragraph. Each paragraph should have at least four sentences.
c. Application: You should spend approximately 300 words explaining how the ethical theory applies to the question/thesis you have chosen. Your application should be detailed and go beyond the obvious. For example, if you were examining criminal punishment from a utilitarian perspective, you should look not only at the suffering of those punished, but also the positive and negative effects of punishments on other individuals and society as a whole. This is harder than it sounds. You will need to spend time researching and thinking about this. Do not rely on instinct or anecdotal evidence. Instead, do the research, gather information from articles and readings, and defend your interpretation of the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in relation to the topic.
1. Strengths:
You should spend approximately 150 words discussing the strengths of the theory as it applies to the ethical issue you have chosen. You should briefly raise at least two objections to the theoretical interpretation of the issue.
2.
1. Weaknesses:
You should spend approximately 150 words discussing the weaknesses of the theory as it applies to the ethical issue you have chosen. What important things does the theory miss or get wrong about this question? Why ?
2. Conclusion:
This should be one paragraph, no more than 150 words. The conclusion should very briefly review the main points of your essay and must contain a paraphrased restatement of your thesis.
Tips for successful completion of this assignment: § Make sure that you first understand the theory that you are using to interpret the best actions in relation to
the issue that you identified in Week One. If you do not understand the theory, you will not be able to apply it adequately to the topic.
▪ Be honest about the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in relation to the issue. You do not need to dogmatically defend one view. Part of balanced philosophical analysis involves objective analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of one’s position.
▪ § The reasons that you present in your paper should abide by philosophical standards. They should be backed in evidence and logical reasoning. Believing something because one has been taught to believe it is not a sufficient reason to hold that belief. Avoid using anecdotal evidence, and be sure to attempt to prove that your reasons are grounded in evidence that is convincing.
The paper must be 600 to 900 words (excluding title and reference pages) in length and formatted according to APA style. You must use at least two scholarly resources from this week’s Required Resources to support your claims. Cite your sources within the text of your paper and on the reference page. For information regarding APA, including samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar, in your online course.
PHI 208 Week 2 Reading Quiz
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1. According to Miller’s views on intervention, a U.S. citizen should have
2. According to Jeremy Bentham what should determine whether a being’s interests should be taken into account?
3. What is Tom Regan’s position about the use of animals in research and agriculture?
4. What does Singer say about other philosophers’ attempts to argue that only humans have moral worth?
5. What is Peter Singer’s point about performing vivisection on mentally disabled human infants?
6. The philosopher John Stuart Mill recognized the following as a potential problem for utilitarianism:
7. In the idyllic world described by Richard Miller the only justification of military intrusion would be:
8. What does Singer say about finding the basis for moral duties in the “intrinsic dignity” of humanity
9. What does Peter Singer say about the history of liberation movements?
10. Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality” applied to animals means
11. Which of the following does Tom Regan say about the utilitarian approach to animal ethics?
12. In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that moral absolutism
13. Which of the following makes it difficult to calculate the utility of an act
14. What is the point of Regan’s discussion about Aunt Bea and utilitarianism’s respect for human life?
15. Tom Regan’s view of animals is that
PHI 208 Week 2 Media Quiz
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1. Animal rights holds to which of the following claims about animal equality?
2. How does Peter Singer feel about the value of moral philosophy?
3. Which of the following does not happen in the “Meet Your Meat” to animals with diseases or injuries on modern factory farms:
4. On what basis should be care about how an individual is treated?
5. In the video “What is Just War Theory?” Michael Walzer states that a core idea of Just War Theory
6. What is speciesism?
7. In the videos, what does Peter Singer say about vegetarianism?
8. Which of the following does not describe how egg-laying hens are treated in factory farms?
9. The most philosophy of animal rights demands what?
10. Jeremy Waldron argues that drone warfare is neither ethical or effective because it
11. According to the video “Religion, War, and Violence,” proponents of Just War Theory agree that without the restraints of Just War Theory
12. According to the video “Meet Your Meat”, which of the following is not true of how animals are slaughtered on factory farms
13. Which of the following does not happen to pigs on today’s factory farms in the “Meet Your Meat” video?
14. Tom Regan argues that animal rights
15. In the video, “Drones Are Ethical and Effective,” Kenneth Anderson argues that the use of drones is ethical because
PHI 208 Week 1 Reading Quiz
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1. The ring gave Gyges 2. Foot defines a positive duty as: 3. According to Midgley, moral isolationism 4. Midgley analyzes the position that each society is a separate culture with its own values. This position is known as 5. Foot claims that turning off a respirator is: 6. In the Rescue II case, Foot claims that: 7. Glaucon begins by claiming that “those who practice justice” do so 8. Rachels claims that most actual cases of killing: 9. Foot claims that in explaining the difference between killing and letting die, the distinction of importance is between: 10. Glaucon thinks that deep in our hearts we all believe that 11. Rachels argues that the conventional doctrine: 12. Passive euthanasia is: 13. According to Glaucon, justice is based on 14. If Glaucon is correct, then justice is 15. Foot claims that negative duties are:
PHI 208 Week 1 Media Quiz
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1.If Midgley is correct, moral scepticism
2. According to Rachels, many people accept the conventional doctrine because they believe:
3. Rachels claims that active euthanasia:
4. The ring gave Gyges
5. Midgley thinks that although we can understand or appreciate other societies,
6. If Glaucon is correct, then justice is
7. According to Rachels, active euthanasia involves:
8. Glaucon begins by claiming that “those who practice justice” do so
9. Why is it hard for physicians to understand palliative care?
10. Rachels claims that when infants with Down’s syndrome are denied necessary operations, this is typically because:
11. Passive euthanasia is:
12. Midgley analyzes the position that each society is a separate culture with its own values. This position is known as
PHI 208 Week 1 Assignment Thesis Construction
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Thesis Construction. Choose one of the following issues and write a five paragraph essay in which you provide three reasons why the issue is ethically significant. The paragraphs of your essay should conform to the following guidelines:
1. Paragraph 1:
Provide a brief introduction to the issue. Your introduction must make clear to the reader exactly what issue you are choosing and what you take to be the boundaries of the issue. For example, if you were writing on criminal punishment, you would need to make clear whether you were considering only imprisonment and harsher penalties, or whether you were also considering penalties such as fines for speeding. (Note, you may not write on criminal punishment, this is just an example). The final sentence of your paragraph must be a thesis sentence which lists the three reasons you will put forward in your essay.
2. Paragraphs 2, 3, and 4:
The first sentence of each paragraph must be a topic sentence that clearly states what reason you will be considering. The remainder of the paragraph should make clear why this is a reason for thinking the issue you have chosen is ethically significant. Each paragraph must contain at least four sentences.
3. Paragraph 5:
Conclude your essay by very briefly reviewing the three reasons you have discussed and why they show the issue is ethically significant. Your paragraph should contain a paraphrased restatement of your thesis.
Your ultimate goal in this assignment is to create a thesis in relation to a debatable ethical topic from the list below and to begin examining the reasons that you have for the position that you take on the topic. Please read the instructions for the Final Paper before starting this project. The following are the general topics from which you must create your thesis. The questions under each topic are meant to help inspire your thinking. You should not attempt to write on all the questions. The Final Paper will only be five to six pages, so it is important that you use these questions to create a much more specific topic that you will address in your Final Paper. Again, do not attempt to answer all of these questions. Instead, use these questions as a springboard for the creation of your own concrete and clearly defined thesis statements. To the right of the topics, you will find the weeks in which these topics are covered in the course. Please go to those weeks and begin using the resources in those weeks to gather information for your papers.
Just War/Military Ethics (Weeks Two and Four) § What are some circumstances that would make a war just or unjust? § Are there ways of conducting a war that should be defended as just? § Are there ways of conducting a war that should be opposed as unjust? § What kinds of virtues do persons in the military need?
o What sorts of behavior might those virtues require?
What sorts of behavior would be contrary to those virtues? § Are there times when a soldier’s virtues and/or duties may conflict?
o How should a soldier act in such circumstances?
Ethics Concerning the Needy (Week Five)
• § Are those with more morally required to give aid to those with less?
• § Is it wrong to enjoy luxuries when others lack basic needs?
• § Should we regard all people as having equal worth and dignity? What does that imply about our
obligations toward them when they are in need?
• § Are there ways of aiding the needy that are morally better than others?
Gender Ethics (Week Five)
• § What does it mean to say that women and men are equal? What does it not mean?
• § Are there ways in which women and men are treated differently that are unjust?
• § Are there ways in which women and men are treated differently that are just?
• § Are there social structures, cultural trends (such as in media or advertising), or other aspects of our
society that convey and sustain gender inequality?
o What should our response to them be as individuals? o What should our response to them be as societies?
§ Are there certain religious or cultural beliefs or practices that convey and sustain gender inequalities? oWhat should our response to them be as individuals? o What should our response to them be as societies?
Business Ethics (Week Three)
• § Should businesses aim primarily at making as much profit as possible within the law? If not, what aims
are of equal or greater importance?
• § What kinds of practices would an ethical business engage in? What kinds of practices would it avoid?
• § How should companies or managers treat their employees?
• § What should one do when working for an employer whose practices appear unethical?
o Do employees have obligations beyond simply performing their assigned tasks well? § Do businesses have different moral obligations toward employees of other countries whose labor laws are
different than those of their home country?
• What obligations, if any, do businesses have toward the communities from which they profit (this might include communities from which they draw resources, labor, and/or customers)?
• § What are the virtues of a good business owner and/or leader in some particular industry?
• § What are the virtues of a good employee in some particular industry?
Ethics Regarding Animals and/or the Environment (Weeks Two and Four)
Environment
§ What does it mean to respect the environment in the way we as individuals live our lives? o What kinds of behaviors would that involve? o What kinds of behaviors would that exclude?
• § Do we as individuals have moral obligations toward the environment when our own behavior has very little direct effect on the overall state of things?
• § How should we weigh human needs and/or desires against environmental impact?
• § Does a government have an obligation to care for its natural resources as well as its human citizens?
o How should the answer to this question effect political policy?
Animals
§ What does it mean to respect non-human animals in the way we as individuals live our lives? o What kinds of behaviors would that involve? o What kinds of behaviors would that exclude?
• § Do we as individuals have moral obligations toward non-human animals when our own behavior has very little direct effect on the overall state of things?
• § How should we weigh human needs and/or desires against those of non-human animals?
• § Does a government have an obligation to care for non-human animals as well as its human citizens?
o How should the answer to this question effect political policy?
End of Life Medical Issues (Week One)
• § Do people have a right to end their lives whenever they choose to?
• § Can people be mistaken about whether their life has value and ought to be ended?
o Does the answer to this question effect the answer to the first question? § Can we set polices that determine in each case what the value of human life is and when it should or
should not be ended?
Does the answer to this question effect the answer to the first question? § Does it make a difference whether a person’s life is ended by an act of active killing, or whether it is
simply allowed to expire? o Does it make a difference whether the agent (i.e., the person causing the death), in either case, is
the person himself or herself or someone else (such as a doctor)?
• § Is there a limit to the amount of resources we should allocate toward the preservation of a life in the face
of limited resources for other healthcare needs?
• § Considering lives that are on the brink of death, under what circumstances (if any) would it be ethically
wrong to prolong that life?
o Under what circumstances (if any) would it be ethically required to prolong that life? o Under what circumstances (if any) would it be ethically required to end that life?
The following are recommendations that will guide you as think about and complete this assignment:
• § Please use the Ashford Writing Center Thesis Generator to help you generate your thesis.
(https://awc.ashford.edu/writing-tools-thesis-generator.html)
• § An issue is ethically significant if there appear to be good reasons that support different perspectives in
relation to the ethical issue. For example, there appear to be good reasons to place dangerous people in prisons. At the same time, there also appear to be good reasons to give people as much freedom as possible or to try to rehabilitate them and get them back into society when they break the law. Your issue should be something that can be debated.
• § Ethical issues are issues that relate to how people ought to live or how society ought to function. What you are going to eat for breakfast is not an ethical issue in general. However, if you believe that eating animals is wrong because it causes them harm, then what you eat does become an ethical issue. What clothes you wear is not generally an ethical issue. However, if those clothes are manufactured by child slaves, then what one wears becomes an ethical issue.
• § The reasons that you present in your paper should abide by philosophical standards. They should be backed in evidence and logical reasoning. Believing something because one has been taught to believe it is not a sufficient reason to hold that belief. Avoid using anecdotal evidence and be sure to attempt to prove that your reasons are grounded in evidence that is convincing.
• The paper must be 400 to 700 words in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. For information regarding APA, including samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar, in your online course.
PHI 208 Final Exam
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PHI 208 Final Exam
1. According to Rachels, the “conventional doctrine” maintains that: 2. The Ring of Gyges gave the shepherd who found it 3. If Glaukon is correct, then justice 4. What, according to Tom Regan, is the contractarian approach to ethics? 5. Aristotle claims that the function of human life is: 6. What does Singer say about other philosophers’ attempts to argue that only humans have moral worth? 7. Gilligan claims that females tend to see relationships as these 8. Kant argues that we should never use people as a means: 9. What does Noddings say about male versus female language when opposing war?
10.In the video “What Is Just War Theory?” Michael Walzer argues it is important to read the essays and memoir literature of soldiers because
11.What does Peter Singer say about the history of liberation movements?
12.According to Rachels, active euthanasia is currently:
13.According to Midgely, moral isolationism leads to
14.Michael Walzer argues that there is a radical distinction between war and civil life because
15.Which of the following does not happen to pigs on today’s factory farms in the “Meet Your Meat” video?
16.Aristotle describes each virtue as:
17.Robinson describes magnanimity as the mean between the extremes of:
18.In the video “What is Just War Theory?” Michael Walzer states that a core idea of Just War Theory
19.Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality” applied to animals means:
20.What does Nel Noddings say about rates of violent crime among men and women?
21.Hill uses this technique in the middle of the article to examine ideas about the human’s place within nature:
22.According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that:
23.According to Tom Regan, what is fundamentally wrong with our current system?
24.Nagel’s argument that hostility or aggression should be directed at its true object means that which of the following would probably not be permissible?
25.Which one of these is not a way of expressing Kant’s Categorical Imperative?
26.This is the name for prostitutes in India who have been dedicated to a female goddess
27.What is Peter Singer’s point about performing vivisection on mentally disabled human infants?
28.Which of the following would be an idea shared both by the teacher (Kevin Kline) from the clip of The Emperor’s Club, and by either MacIntyre or Aristotle (or both)?
29.What does Tom Regan say is the source of inherent value in an individual?
30.What is speciesism?
31.Which of the following are questions in the Bechdel test?
32.What is palliative care?
33.Leon Kass argues that the primary responsibility of physicians is to:
34.In the video “Drones Are Not Ethical and Effective,” Jeremy Waldron argues that drones are not ethical because their use involves
35.According to Thomas Hill’s account of environmental ethics, a person might show a lack of virtue when they:
36.Glaukon begins by claiming that “those who practice justice” do so
37.In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that moral absolutism
38.Which of the following would be an expression of rule utilitarianism, rather than act utilitarianism?
39.What moral theory does Jeremy Bentham (with whom Singer seems to agree) endorse?
40.Rachels argues that the conventional doctrine:
41.In Gilligan’s article, the example of Heinz involves which crime
42.What happens to the offspring of dairy cows, according to the video “Meet Your Meat”?
43.In the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals we find that to act on ‘duty’ is
44.The conventional doctrine is endorsed by:
45.If Midgley is correct, moral scepticism
46.Which of the following does not describe how egg-laying hens are treated in factory farms?
47.According to Nagel, to which of the following groups of people is hostility most appropriately aimed?
48.According to Colin Stokes, in this film all the heroic, wise, and villainous characters are female.
49.Which of the following does not happen in the “Meet Your Meat” to animals with diseases or injuries on modern factory farms:
50.Robinson describes integrity as a virtue that has the
