Before the Big Bang, Dark Energy Revealed, Quantum Gravity and Singularities: The Theory of Space-Matter

The universe does not have a universal beginning or ending for all matter. Rather, the universe has a beginning, duration and ending based on the size of the body which experiences it.

Dark energy is a double-arrowed force in which one end of the force (gravity) repels the other end of the force (expansion). The force which resists gravity is referred to as expansion or expansional force. The expansion of the universe exerts gravity in the opposite direction to the expansion, forming all non-space which we observe and experience in the universe.

This is according to my new theory, the Theory of Space-Matter. The Theory of Space-Mater consists of three sub-theories: The Theory of Infinite Dimensions, The Theory of Relative Displacement and The Theory of Gravitational Thrust.

These theories revolve around the concept of space and matter as the two fundamental properties of the universe.

Space concerns all expansions, fissions, divisions, repelling particles, replications, and reproductions.

Matter, on the other hand, concerns all gravitations, fusions, masses, attractions and collisions. And together, they form the inseparable relationship of space-matter.

Gravity, is the force of matter, and is a reaction (thrust) force to the expansion of space, an action force.

Expansion, is the force of space, and exerts gravitational thrust in the opposite direction. The interdependent relationship of space and matter are illustrated by the space-matter graph below.

The Theory of Space-Matter establishes several key observations.

Firstly, that the beginning of the universe infinitely tends towards zero — it does not have a universal beginning or ultimate singularity point. Rather, it has a beginning or ending relative to the size of the matter in question.

The Theory of Relative Displacement aims to establish that space is proportional to one’s size. That is to say, what may be a large space for a human is not a large space for a planet, and what may be a large space for a planet is not a large space for a galaxy, and so on.

For significant proportions of our universe, The Big Bang has barely begun. For matter significantly smaller than ourselves, the universe has expanded more proportionally to that matter than to us. The universe for the astronomically small is far larger than the universe proportional to us.

The universe, therefore exists on a continuous spectrum between a singularity and an expanded state — its beginning, duration and end are all fundamentally one. If we suppose that every disc in the diagram below is an iteration of the universe’s expansion, the smaller discs are singularities relative to the larger discs and the larger discs are expanded states relative to the smaller discs.

Secondly, that dark energy is a double-arrowed force in which one end of the force (gravity) repels the other end of the force (expansion).

In this paper, the force which resists gravity is referred to as expansion or expansional force and it constitutes as any force which resists a gravitational pull.

The gravitational pull of a celestial body such as Earth, repels the expansion of the universe.

For instance, if you fall towards the Earth, then you follow the gravitational end of the force relative to Earth. If you resist the Earth’s gravity, then you are travelling towards the expansional end of the force relative to Earth.

The further you travel out into the universe, the more gravity you resist and the closer you get to the expansion end of the force.

However, as you resist the gravitational end of the force and approach the expansional end of the force, the roles of the two sides reverse. The direction of the expansional force becomes the gravitational end of the force and the gravitational end you resisted is now the expansional end of the force from your perspective. Therefore, what is expansion on one end is gravitation to the other end, and what is gravitation on one end is expansion to the other end.

Throughout this paper, the gravitation end of dark energy is referred to as gravitational thrust force. The expansion end of dark energy is referred to as expansional force.

Expansional forces create space, whereas gravitational thrust forces create matter. The interdependencies of expansional force and gravitational thrust force manifest as all things in the universe, which are explored in the third chapter of the paper.

Thirdly, that the expansion of the universe exerts gravity in the opposite direction to the expansion.

These gravitational forces bring matter closer together, forming all non-space which we observe in the universe.

Gravity is a pushing force for the expansion of the universe where the expansion of the universe is the pushback. Those closest towards the pushing end fall under the influence of gravity, whereas galaxies and galaxy clusters closer towards the pushback end are observed to be moving away rather than towards.

However, from the perspective of the galaxies moving away from us, we are observed to be the ones moving away from them. And these galaxies fall under the influence of gravity on their end of the expansion. The expansion of the universe is therefore also a reaction force, where gravity is the action force.

Fourthly, that gravitation and expansion on all scales behave as electromagnetic forces which create all matter and space.

All curvature is formed by the attractions or collisions of gravitational thrusts and the opposing expansional forces.

When gravitational thrust forces clash with expansional forces, they form matter. When gravitational thrust forces and expansional forces repel, they form space. These two key observations will also be explored in the third chapter of the paper.

Fifthly, that just as space is proportional to the size of matter, the dimensions of space or matter are proportional to the larger space which they are apart of.

This brings me onto the first part of The Theory of Space-Matter: The Theory of Infinite Dimensions.

The Theory of Infinite Dimensions, is in simple terms, the concept that the third spatial dimension is a generalisation for all spatial dimensions between 2 and infinity rather than one concrete dimension. Furthermore, that larger objects or spaces have greater spatial dimensions than smaller objects or spaces.

The first chapter establishes that the displacement between two ‘3D’ objects is not ‘inside the third dimension’, but rather a ‘fourth spatial dimension.’ This concept is then repeated to demonstrate a fifth spatial dimension, and can be repeated for a sixth, a seventh, and so on.

The next part of the first chapter demonstrates a simpler approach to realising dimensions beyond three. In short, all bodies, objects or spaces can be contained inside of a sphere. The sphere behaves as an origin point relative to the dimensions outside of it. That origin point and the dimensions outside of it can then be placed inside of another origin point in which further dimensions extend out of, and so on.

This notion is explored in great detail in the first chapter and the third chapter, where the concept of relative zeroes is first introduced to explain the nature of singularities.

The second part, The Theory of Relative Displacement is the concept that distance is proportional to the size of the body in question.

In the image below, the distance between the two differently-sized points A and B is the same. Yet it is longer proportional to A than to B. Equally, the distance between A and B is shorter proportional to B than to A.

The same would be true if we measured our distance from an ant a metre away from us. The 1 metre distance experienced by the ant would be many times the ant’s body length. Therefore, using the same measurement of distance for both our self and the ant would not tell us anything about the disparity of the situation. We could convert the distance to a smaller unit of measurement for the ant, but this would not tell us anything about the displacement experienced by the ant specifically, or for insects of a different size.

The Theory of Relative Displacement aims to solve this problem by measuring distance not in terms of a universal measurement for all, but in terms of a measurement proportional to the size of the body in question.

Relative displacement is calculated by dividing the displacement by the body’s parallel diameter (the diameter of the body which is inline with the displacement). It tells you how many of that body’s diameter fit inside a universal measure of displacement. Relative displacement is then measured again on the other end of the displacement for the other body. The relative displacements of each of the two bodies for that displacement are then compared, illustrating the effect of one’s size on the space which they are apart of. Relative displacement is therefore measured in parallel diameters (pdm) for all bodies.

In the example below, displacement between the Moon and the Earth, and their respective diameters parallel to the displacement are measured or estimated in metres. The displacement is then divided by the diameter for each of the two bodies, generating a relative displacement for the Earth (30.27 pdm) and another for the Moon (110.59 pdm). This exercise is explained in much greater detail in the second chapter of the paper.

The principle of relative displacement is then extended to motion where a body’s motion is described in terms of how many of its own parallel diameter it has travelled per second.

The third part, The Theory of Gravitational Thrust, goes into much greater detail on the concepts I first introduced at the beginning of this article. That in order for the universe to expand, it must create a force in the opposite direction, which we experience as gravity.

The chapter explores the beginning, duration and end of our universe in greater detail. It also introduces the concept of relative zeroes, the electromagnetic nature of gravitational thrust and expansional force, and their roles in the formation of all matter and space.

The full theory can be read here: (https://archive.org/details/before-the-big-bang-dark-energy-quantum-gravity-and-singularities-the-theory-of-space-matter).