The human relationship with firearms: “Vives in gladio, gladio morietur”*

The purpose of the articles? To explore the human relationship with firearms. Why is it that we see America as gripped by an obsessive and unhealthy relationship with firearms? And yet, the same view is not held by many of other countries where the per capita ratio of firearm ownership is also high? What are the devastating effects that a bullet has on the body — the nature of the injuries it inflicts? How do survivors of a shooting incident go on to live their lives? These, and questions like them, I need my answers to.

Firearms ownership and use is an emotive subject — whatever camp you live in — pro, or anti. In a personal search for clarity around the subject, I need factual, unbiased information. We all do. To this end, it is a futile exercise to look to the press, or to social media sites, to be providers of factual data. We need qualitative research data and analysis. It is such data that I now draw upon.

In my second article, I’ll measure peace in certain countries, relative to firearms ownership. By no means easy, especially for a read of about twenty minutes. Thank goodness, then, for charts! I continue with two statements.

That:

(a) Readers excuse the brevity of the articles. This is a complex area of study that many academics devote their whole lives to. I appreciate that. I am but scratching the surface.

(b) Readers appreciate that I am neither an outright advocate for, or against firearms. I am a proponent of greater firearms control. Controls built on laws that are practical, enforceable and measurable. Firearms control laws that work. I acknowledge that, in all probability, most firearms are not misused. That there are legitimate reasons for people to own them. You cannot escape the truth, though, that their use brings injury, misery — and death.

The global impact of firearms violence

“The death toll from small arms dwarfs that of all other weapons systems. In most years it exceeds the toll of the atomic bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And the carnage they cause? Indeed, you could well call small arms ‘weapons of mass destruction’.” Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General, March 2000 (1)

Let me set before you some interesting research findings, courtesy of GunPolicy.org. This is the world’s most comprehensive Web source for:

• Published evidence on armed violence.
• Firearms law.
• Gun control.

Evidence-based, public health-oriented information on firearms violence. Information on small arms policy and firearm-related injury from around the world. The United Nations Trust Facility Supporting Cooperation on Arms Regulation (UNSCAR) backs their work.

• People use small arms, also called firearms or guns (2) to kill as many as 1,000 people each day (3, 4).
• Millions more suffer injury. Lives upended. Access to development aid, markets, health, education and human rights affected. All disrupted by people using firearms (5).
• There are more than 875 million firearms in the world, 75% of them in the hands of civilians (6).
• Firearms outnumber passenger vehicles by 253 million, or 29%(7).
• Manufacturers produce about eight million new small arms each year. Plus 10 to 15 billion rounds of ammunition. That’s enough bullets to shoot every person in the world not once, but twice. Pause and think about that for a moment (8, 9, 10).
• The authorised international trade in small arms and ammunition exceeds US$7.1 billion each year (11). (See my comment later about USA arms export sales of $36.2 billion in 2014).

Now consider that these are research findings, and not so recent either. Know that published findings always lag behind the events researched. In the above examples, the published data ranges from the year 1997, through to 2013. What will research findings go on to tell us about the global impact of gun violence in 2016? Or the global level of peace? Would we shudder at the findings? Know, too, that research data cannot, ever, provide a 100% accurate picture. It provides, in most cases, a good approximation of the true state of affairs.

Let’s now look at three fixed indicators to measure country differences:

• Civilian owned firearms numbers.
• Firearms-related homicides.
• How each country rates on the 2016 Global Peace Index; that is, the total state of peace of each country.

Which countries? The United States (12). Indonesia (13). Brazil (14). Pakistan (15). Nigeria (16). Bangladesh (17). Russia (18). Mexico (19). Japan (20). The Philippines (21). Ethiopia (22). I’ll give you research data common to all. That is, the information is comparable between them. Why these countries? Because they rank third to thirteen (in the order given) by population in the world. Holding top position is China (23) followed by India (24). I have charted China and India on their own, ranked, once again, against the USA for comparison.

I took my population figures from Worldometers on 9 August 2016 (live population clock). Their list includes both countries and dependent territories. You can get current estimates, historical data, and projected figures from the Worldometers site. Figures originate from the latest United Nations Population Division estimates.

Civilian owned firearm numbers

We look now at the estimated total number of firearms (both licit and illicit) held by civilians. Those held in private possession. I have not included government-owned firearms in this article, to ensure a simpler read. Be aware that although population figures are for 2016, firearms figures are not. The latter is the most recent available — particularly the Small Arms Survey of 2007. Some more recent research data runs to 2015.

Note the difference in civilian firearms ownership in the USA, compared to other countries. Imagine what the firearms per capita ownership in the USA is. The number of civilian-owned firearms divided by the number of residents. With over a billion more citizens each than the USA, the firearms estimates for China and India are low. In a per capita sense. This is not so for the USA.

What has occurred since the founding of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, to explain this? What path has led the United States of America to rank first in the world for firearms per capita? What role does the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution play in this? Or the National Rifle Association? Or the export of arms, keeping the United States at first place in the global weaponry market? A global market that was 50% controlled by the USA in 2014, netting them $36.2 billion in that year.

Does any of this help to explain firearms related deaths in the USA over recent months and years? Let’s take a look at firearms related homicides, using the same countries as before.

Firearms-related homicides

Establishing comprehensive and accurate homicide rates from firearms use proved vexing. Data was not available for all eleven countries in my study. The only comparable research data year for all was 2012.

From this, I have been able to provide firearms (gun) homicide rates for the USA, Brazil, and Mexico. For these three, when you compare homicide classes, a clear picture does emerge. Homicides from firearms use comprise a significant percentage of all homicide types. Not surprising, though. These three countries have the greatest number of firearms in civilian hands. Except for Pakistan.

I made an interesting observation, though, when comparing the first and third charts. The first chart draws its data from the Small Arms Survey of 2007, for the most part. The third chart draws its data from 2012. In spite of this five-year disparity, one thing is clear. That homicides from firearms use are not as high in the USA as one might have expected. Not when you consider the size of the population. The fact that firearms play such a prevalent part in homicides is, of course, still of grave concern.

And what of Brazil and Mexico? Both ranked higher than the USA for homicide by any method, and for homicide by firearms use. Of the eleven countries in my study, their populations rank third and eighth. I have no doubt that the 2016 Olympics (“Rio 2016”) in Brazil is a security nightmare. Both for internal conflict purposes and from fear of terrorist attacks.

There remains some greater clarity that I can provide for this section. Data that I could not include in my chart, but of which you should be aware:

• In the USA, annual firearm homicides for 2014 were 10,945. For homicides by any method, they were 15,809 (36). A decline in both cases from 2012.
• In Brazil, annual homicides by any method for 2014 had risen to 58,497 (37). I do not have 2014 firearm homicide data.
• The Nigerian (any method) homicide rate for 2012 is extraordinary, even misleading. In 2008, the rate was 1,956 (no records for 2009 to 2011). In 2013, the rate was 1,897. Why was the 2012 rate 33,817? What was happening in Nigeria? Well, floods, that killed 363 people and displaced 2.1 million by the end of the year. The International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP) knows the major reason:

“Divisions and inequalities. The existence of vulnerable peoples. Ongoing battles against insurgent groups. Targeted violence. Increased lawlessness. Escalating sectarian tensions. High levels of corruption. The state’s inability to protect. Its military’s own contribution to human rights violations. These have all contributed to the security crisis in Nigeria.”

• In Russia, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm was 25% in 2012 (38).
• In Mexico, annual firearm homicides for 2015 had dropped to 7,596. Homicides by any method had dropped to 12,211 (39).

Global levels of peace and tension are in a constant state of flux. For my selected countries, how do they rate for peace in 2016?

2016 Global Peace Index rating

You can download the 2016 Global Peace Index from the Vision of Humanity website.

Global Peace Index (GPI) Indicators are:

• Perceptions of criminality
• Security officers and police
• Homicide
• Incarceration
• Access to weapons
• Intensity of internal conflict
• Violent demonstrations
• Violent crime
• Political instability
• Political terror
• Weapons imports
• Terrorism impact
• Deaths from internal conflict
• Internal conflicts fought
• Military expenditure
• Armed services personnel
• UN peacekeeping funding
• Nuclear and heavy weapons
• Weapons exports
• Displaced people
• Neighbouring countries relations
• External conflicts fought
• Deaths from external conflicts.

Of the 163 countries that Vision of Humanity measure, this is how my eleven countries ranked. The following information is in summary form, taking into account all GPI indicators:

The United States ranked 103 out of 163. Militarisation: 3/5. Society and security: 2/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 1.7/5. National cost of violence: US$2,028,740,716,654.

Indonesia ranked 42 out of 163. Militarisation: 1.4/5. Society and security: 2.2/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 1.5/5. National cost of violence: US$84,241,499,182.

Brazil ranked 105 out of 163. Militarisation: 2.2/5. Society and security: 3.1/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 1/5. National cost of violence: 254,883,857,430.

Pakistan ranked 153 out of 163. Militarisation: 2.6/5. Society and security: 3.2/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 3.6/5. National cost of violence: US$67,503,386,220.

Nigeria ranked 149 out of 163. Militarisation: 1.7/5. Society and security: 3.4/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 3.1/5. National cost of violence: US$70,551,273,870.

Bangladesh ranked 83 out of 163. Militarisation: 1.6/5. Society and security: 2.6/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 1.7/5. National cost of violence: US$13,583,046,488.

Russia ranked 151 out of 163. Militarisation: 3.3/5. Society and security: 3.3/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 2.6/5. National cost of violence: US$354,393,959,600.

Mexico ranked 140 out of 163. Militarisation: 1.7/5. Society and security: 3.2/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 2.4/5. National cost of violence: US$221,435,321,551.

Japan ranked 9 out of 163. Militarisation: 1.4/5. Society and security: 1.3/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 1.4/5. National cost of violence: US$114,182,296,511.

The Philippines ranked 139 out of 163. Militarisation: 1.7/5. Society and security: 2.9/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 2.7/5. National cost of violence: US$25,386,657,471.

Ethiopia ranked 119 out of 163. Militarisation: 1.7/5. Society and security: 2.6/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 2.5/5. National cost of violence: US$11,025,409,591.

In summary, Global Peace Index place results were (best to worst):

• Japan (9)
• Indonesia (42)
• Bangladesh (83)
• The United States (103)
• Brazil (105)
• Ethiopia (119)
• The Philippines (139)
• Mexico (140)
• Nigeria (149)
• Russia (151), and
• Pakistan (153).

In the event that it might interest you:

China ranked 120 out of 163. Militarisation: 2.1/5. Society and security: 2.5/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 2/5. National cost of violence: US$897,485,777,557.

India ranked 141 out of 163. Militarisation: 2.5/5. Society and security: 2.5/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 3/5. National cost of violence: US$341,733,390,956.

Which countries rank at 163 and at number 1 you may ask?

Syria ranked at 163 out of 163. Militarisation: 3.1/5. Society and security: 4.2/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 3.8/5. National cost of violence: US$57,330,659,306.

Iceland ranked number 1 out of 163. Militarisation: 1.3/5. Society and security: 1.2/5. Domestic and internal conflict: 1.1/5. National cost of violence: US$242,372,499.

Surprised, or not?

If Iceland appeals to you right now, visit the Government Offices of Iceland website.

Conclusion

So, where does all this analysis leave me? I started this article with a desire to explore the human relationship with firearms. Is America gripped by an obsessive and unhealthy relationship with firearms? My catalyst was the death on 1 August of Korryn Gaines. I have not written here in detail about the Gaines case. Nor explored any other person, or event, in recent American history involving firearms. My analysis has taken a wider course. Have I been successful? Am I any clearer on the subject now? Have I answered my own questions?

To some extent, yes. I feel somewhat more settled, and at peace. Social media and the press paint a dire picture of events on the world stage. It is our individual duty to find the truest facts available at any given time. To be conscious — aware. To then be able to make informed judgements and decisions based on our own findings.

I do still believe that America has an unhealthy gun culture; it runs through every sinew of the country. I dislike the high level of civilian firearms ownership. I dislike the volume of global arms exports from the States. I dislike the glorification of firearms in American films. The exhibition and use of firearms portrayed as such a normal, healthy, acceptable act.

And yet — my research findings paint a healthier picture than, at first, I imagined for the USA. In spite of the tragic firearms-related injuries and deaths that continue to occur, there is hope. In many ways, I believe that the American people have something far greater to fear. Not firearms. Not terrorism. But a death toll that will eclipse the tragic loss of 10,945 lives from firearms in 2014. That will, over time, cause greater suffering and death. That will affect the health of generations to come if the USA continues on its present course.

To what am I referring? Food. The heavy use of herbicides, pesticides and, especially, the use of GMO crops. Poor diet. Food related heart disease and cancers. But, that’s another story. And this all but completes my present story.

You may well be wondering whether the whole world is at war? An understandable thought, in view of the daily diet of news about all conflict that the media feeds us. Not so my friends. Read the excellent Medium article by @AngusHervey “The Decline of War” below. Know that the world is full of love, and hope. More than you may have imagined.

In my next article in this series, I examine the effects a bullet has on the body. The nature of the injuries it inflicts. What do specialists have to say? What are the accounts of survivors? If you do not want to miss out, then press that follow button now.

One last thing before wading past the short references section below

If you learned something new here, please help others by reaching out and touching my heart ❤️ or 👍! Following me is but another option, and I love constructive comments too! Thank you.

(*) “Vives in gladio, gladio morietur” — “Live by the sword, die by the sword”

Short references:

(1) Annan, Kofi. 2000. ‘Freedom from Fear: Small Arms.’ Report of the Secretary-General to the Millennium Assembly of the United Nations. New York, NY: United Nations General Assembly, 27 March. (ID: Q181)

(2) UNGA. 1997. ‘Report of the Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms.’ General and Complete Disarmament: Small Arms. New York, NY: United Nations General Assembly, 27 August. (ID: Q174)

(3) Geneva Declaration. 2008. ‘Dimensions of Armed Violence.’ Global Burden of Armed Violence. Geneva: Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat, 12 September. (ID: Q178)

(4) IANSA. 2006. ‘A Thousand People Die Every Day.’ 2006: Bringing the Global Gun Crisis Under Control. London: International Action Network on Small Arms, 26 July. (ID: Q175)

(5) Control Arms. 2009. ‘Decision Time for an Urgent, Effective Arms Trade Treaty.’ Dying for Action: Oxfam Briefing Note. Oxford: Control Arms Campaign: Oxfam International, Amnesty International and the International Action Network on Small Arms / IANSA, 7 October. (ID: Q1140)

(6) Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q177)

(7) Renner, Michael. 2008. ‘Vehicle Production Rises, But Few Cars Are ‘Green’.’ Vital Signs Online: Transportation and Communication. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 21 May. (ID: Q1139)

(8) Batchelor, Peter. 2001. ‘Small Arms, Big Business: Products and Producers.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1 July. (ID: Q180)

(9) Batchelor, Peter. 2003. ‘Workshops and Factories: Products and Producers.’ Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1 July. (ID: Q179)

(10) David A Fahrenthold and Fredrick Kunkle. 2009. ‘Bullets are Speeding Faster Out of Gun Shops in U.S..’ Washington Post. 3 November. (ID: N163)

(11) Herron, Patrick, Jasna Lazarevic, Nic Marsh and Matt Schroeder. 2011. ‘Larger but Less Known: Authorised Light Weapons Transfers.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, 6 July. (ID: Q5981)

Citation for short references, numbers 1 to 11:

Alpers, Philip and Marcus Wilson. 2013. Global Impact of Gun Violence: Firearms, public health and safety. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. GunPolicy.org, 14 August. Accessed 4 August 2016. at: http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region. Part amended by the author of this article — The Human Relationship with Firearms.

Short references (firearms only; not population), numbers 12 to 24:

(please note that there are no embedded links for the remaining short references)

(12) The United States of America. References to 270,000,000 firearms: Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5).

References to 310,000,000 firearms: Krouse, William J. 2012. ‘How Many Guns Are in the United States? — Number.’ Gun Control Legislation. Washington, DC: United States Congressional Research Service, 14 November. (ID: Q6676)

Christopher Ingraham. 2015. ‘There Are Now More Guns than People in the United States.’ Washington Post. 5 October. (ID: N395)

(13) Indonesia. Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(14) Brazil. References for 16,800,000 firearms: Karp, Aaron. 2012. ‘Estimated Civilian Gun Ownership.’ Measurement and Use of Statistical Data to Analyze Small Arms in the Caribbean and Latin America. Mexico City: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Center of Excellence, National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), 28 April. (ID: Q8972)

Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

Brazil. 2010. ‘[Number of] Firearms in Brazil (Armas de Fogo no Brasil).’ The Impact of Armed Violence in Brazil (A Incidência da Violência Armada no Brasil). Rio de Janeiro: Confederação Nacional de Municípios (National Confederation of Counties), 31 December. (ID: Q11867)

Viva Rio. 2010. ‘Total Firearms in Circulation (Total de armas em circulação).’ Stocks and Distribution of Firearms in Brazil (Estoques e Distribuição de Armas de Fogo no Brasil). Rio de Janeiro: Viva Rio (Viva Comunidade), Sub-Comissão de Armas e Munições da Câmara Federal, Ministério da Justiça, 1 January. (ID: Q11877)

Waiselfiz, Julio Jacobo. 2015. ‘Gun Death Trends 1980/2012 (Evolução da Mortalidade por Armas de Fogo 1980/2012).’ Violence Map: Deaths by Firearms (Mapa da Violência: Mortes Matadas por Armas de Fogo). Brasilia: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales / Latin American Social Sciences Institute, 1 January. (ID: Q11892)

References for 17,600,000 firearms: Dreyfus, Pablo, Benjamin Lessing, Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento and Júlio Cesar Purcena. 2010. ‘Executive Summary.’ Small Arms in Brazil: Production, Trade, and Holdings. Geneva: Viva Rio, ISER, and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, 1 September. (ID: Q3365)

Instituto Sou da Paz.2010. ‘Brazil Basic Diagnostic (Diagnóstico Básico de Brasil).’ Brazil Basic Diagnostic (Diagnóstico Básico de Brasil). Brasilia: Coalición Latinoamericana para la Prevención de la Violencia Armada (CLAVE), 4 July. (ID: Q11900)

Chávez, Juliana and Alonso Tobón García. 2012. ‘Number of Civilian Firearms in Brazil.’ Regional Report on States’ Capacities to Address Armed Violence — Latin America and the Caribbean. London: Action on Armed Violence and Seguridad Humana en Latinoamérica y el Caribe, 1 May. (ID: Q11769)

(15) Pakistan. Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(16) Nigeria. Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(17) Bangladesh. Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(18) Russia. Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(19) Mexico. Karp, Aaron. 2012. ‘Estimated Civilian Gun Ownership.’ Measurement and Use of Statistical Data to Analyze Small Arms in the Caribbean and Latin America. Mexico City: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Center of Excellence, National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), 28 April. (ID: Q8972)

Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(20) Japan. Karp, Aaron. 2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(21) The Philippines. Karp, Aaron. 2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

Bastick, Megan and Kristin Valasek. 2014. ‘Privately Owned Firearms in the Philippines.’ Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and Guns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, 16 June. (ID: Q11034)

Alfred P Dalizon. 2014. ‘18,000 Gun Licenses Left Untransferred.’ Journal (Manila). 21 July. (ID: N345)

Philippines. 2003. ‘Firearm Numbers.’ National Report of the Philippines on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA). New York, NY: Permanent Mission of the Philippines to the United Nations, 3 July. (ID: Q1070)

(22) Ethiopia. Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(23) China. Karp, Aaron. 2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

(24) India. Kohli, Anil, Aaron Karp and Sonal Marwah. 2011. ‘The Geography of Indian Firearm Fatalities.’ Mapping Murder: The Geography of Indian Firearm Fatalities. New Delhi: India Armed Violence Assessment / IAVA and the Small Arms Survey, Geneva, 20 September. (ID: Q5825)

Karp, Aaron.2007. ‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms — Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 27 August. (ID: Q5)

Short references (any method, and firearms related homicides), numbers 25 to 35:

(25) The United States of America. Any method homicide, and gun homicides: CDC. 2015. ‘Injury Mortality Reports 1999 and Onwards (USA).’ Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System / CDC WISQARS. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention / CDC, 22 January. (ID: Q1377)

UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides and Gun Homicides in the United States.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q8902)

(26) Indonesia. Any method homicide only: UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides in Indonesia.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q10264)

Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug. 2014. ‘Country Profile: Indonesia.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 10 December. (ID: Q9501)

(27) Brazil. Any method homicide: Igarapé Institute. 2015. ‘Homicides and Homicide Rates 2000 to 2014 — Brazil.’ Homicide Monitor 2015. Rio de Janeiro: Igarapé Institute, 24 June. (ID: Q11100)

UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides in Brazil.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q10182)

Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug. 2014. ‘Country Profile: Brazil.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 10 December. (ID: Q9709)

Gun homicide: Waiselfiz, Julio Jacobo.2015. ‘Total Number of Gun Deaths, 1980/2012 (Número de vítimas fatais por armas de fogo na população total, 1980/2012).’ Violence Map: Deaths by Firearms (Mapa da Violência: Mortes Matadas por Armas de Fogo). Brasilia: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales / Latin American Social Sciences Institute, 1 January. (ID: Q11893)

(28) Pakistan. Any method homicide only: UNODC.2014. ‘Homicides in Pakistan.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q10280)

(29) Nigeria. Any method homicide only: UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides in Nigeria.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q10008)

(30) Bangladesh. Any method homicide only: UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides in Bangladesh.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q10274)

(31) Russia. Any method homicide only: UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides in Russia.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q10308)

Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug. 2014. ‘Country Profile: Russian Federation.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 10 December. (ID: Q9446)

(32) Mexico. Any method homicide: Mexico. 2016. ‘Number of Homicides (Any Method) 1997–2016.’ Number of Homicides, Kidnappings, Extortions and Vehicle Thefts 1997–2016 (Cifras de homicidio doloso, secuestro, extorsión y robo de vehículos). Mexico City: Centro Nacional de Información, 20 February. (ID: Q11775)

Mexico. 2015. ‘Homicides (1995–2015).’ INEGI — Mortality Statistics. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), 31 December. (ID: Q11309)

Igarapé Institute. 2015. ‘Homicides and Homicide Rates 2000 to 2014 — Mexico.’ Homicide Monitor 2015. Rio de Janeiro: Igarapé Institute, 24 June. (ID: Q11116)

UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides and Gun Homicides in Mexico.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q10165)

Gun homicide: Waiselfiz, Julio Jacobo. 2015. ‘Number and Rate of Gun Deaths in 90 Countries (Número e taxas de mortalidade por AF segundo causa básica em 90 países do mundo).’ Violence Map: Deaths by Firearms (Mapa da Violência: Mortes Matadas por Armas de Fogo). Brasilia: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales / Latin American Social Sciences Institute, 1 January. (ID: Q11896)

Mexico. 2015. ‘Homicides (1995–2015).’ INEGI — Mortality Statistics. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), 31 December. (ID: Q11309)

Igarapé Institute. 2015. ‘Homicides and Homicide Rates 2000 to 2014 — Mexico.’ Homicide Monitor 2015. Rio de Janeiro: Igarapé Institute, 24 June. (ID: Q11116)

(33) Japan. Any method homicide only: Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug. 2014. ‘Country Profile: Japan.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 10 December. (ID: Q9610)

(34) Philippines. Any method homicide only: UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides in the Philippines.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q10268)

(35) Ethiopia. Any method homicide only: UNODC. 2014. ‘Homicides in Ethiopia.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 10 April. (ID: Q9935)

Remaining short references, numbers 36 to 39:

(36) CDC. 2015. ‘Injury Mortality Reports 1999 and Onwards (USA).’ Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System / CDC WISQARS. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention / CDC, 22 January. (ID: Q1377)

(37) Matt Sandy. 2015. ‘Brazil Seeks to Copy U.S. Gun Culture.’ Time (USA). 12 November. (ID: N451)

(38) Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug. 2014. ‘Country Profile: Russian Federation.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 10 December. (ID: Q9446)

(39) Mexico. 2016. ‘Number of Homicides (Any Method) 1997–2016.’ Number of Homicides, Kidnappings, Extortions and Vehicle Thefts 1997–2016 (Cifras de homicidio doloso, secuestro, extorsión y robo de vehículos). Mexico City: Centro Nacional de Información, 20 February. (ID: Q11775)

Mexico. 2015. ‘Homicides (1995–2015).’ INEGI — Mortality Statistics. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), 31 December. (ID: Q11309)