PNEUMO THORAX

Apneumothorax

(noo-moe-THOR-aks) is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. A pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung.

Types

primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is an abnormal accumulation of air in the space between the lungs and the chest cavity (called the pleural space) that can result in the partial or complete collapse of a lung. This type of pneumothorax is described as primary because it occurs in the absence of lung disease such as emphysema.

Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in the presence of underlying lung disease, primarily chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; others may include tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis, malignancy, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Tension pneumothorax
Tension pneumothorax is an uncommon condition with a malignant course that might result in death if left untreated. It is a severe condition that results when air is trapped in the pleural space under positive pressure, displacing mediastinal structures and compromising cardiopulmonary function.

Tramatic pneumothorax
Traumatic pneumothorax occurs when air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung because of an injury. It causes the lung to collapse partially or completely.

WHAT CAUSES PNEUMOTHORAX?

Pneumothorax has three main causes: medical conditions, injuries and lifestyle factors

MEDICAL CONDITIONS:

1. Asthma.
2. Pneumonia.
3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
4. Collagen vascular disease.
5. Cystic fibrosis.
6. Emphysema.
7. Endometriosis in the chest.
8. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
9. Lung cancer.
10. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
11. Marfan syndrome.
12. Tuberculosis.
13. Acute respiratory distress
14. syndrome (ARDS), a condition
15. caused by pneumonia,
16. coronavirus.

INJURIES

Blunt force trauma

Gunshot woundStab wound

Lung puncture during a medical procedure, like a biopsy or nerve block.

Lifestyle factors.

Drug use, especially inhaled drugs.
Flying that involves drastic changes in air pressure.
Scuba or deep-sea diving.
Smoking.
People with certain other risk factors may be more likely to have a collapsed lung.

Family history of pneumothorax.
Pregnancy.
Tall, thin body type

Different between normal lung and pneumothorax

SYMPTOMS
Abnormally fast heart rate (known as tachycardia)
Blue-tinged lips and skin
Breathlessness on exertion
Cold sweats
Constant ache and tightness in the chest
Difficulty catching your breath
Sharp pain when breathing in, with fast and shallow breathing.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis of a pneumothorax is typically done via a chest X-ray, which takes images to detect the presence of air in the pleural space (area round the lungs). A CT scan and thoracic ultrasound can also be used to help diagnose a pneumothorax.

TREATMENT
A chest tube (or intercostal drain) is the most definitive initial treatment of a pneumothorax
If severe need surgery