Friedrich Dollmann: The Complex Career of a German General in World War II

Friedrich Karl Albert Dollmann, born on February 2, 1882, and a prominent German general during World War II, is a figure whose life and career have intrigued historians. His service spanned two World Wars and various roles within the German military hierarchy, ultimately leading him to command the 7th Army during critical moments in history, including the Invasion of France and the early phases of the Allied invasion of Normandy. Dollmann’s career is a tale of both military competence and controversy.

World War I: A Beginnings

Dollmann’s military journey commenced when he joined the army in 1899. His early years were marked by a commitment to education, including attending the War Academy for General Staff in 1909. However, when World War I erupted, Dollmann’s path diverged from the traditional staff officer’s role. He served as an aerial observer for the first two years of the war. His career took a new direction in 1917 when he joined the wartime General Staff, and in 1918, he assumed command of the 6th Army within the Bavarian General Staff. Following the war, he was involved in various military and administrative roles, including working in the Ministry of Military Affairs and the Peace Commission of the General Staff.

Interwar Era: Rise Through the Ranks

The interwar period saw Dollmann’s career flourish. He held diverse positions within the German military hierarchy, from working as a staff officer in the Reichswehr to commanding artillery divisions and regiments. Dollmann’s dedication and competence earned him promotions, and by 1936, he had reached the rank of full general, reflecting his commitment to Germany’s military aspirations.

The Nazi Era: Complex Allegiances

Dollmann’s association with the Nazi regime has generated considerable debate among historians. While some argue that he exhibited a pro-Nazi attitude, others believe he had a stronger inclination toward National Socialism than initially presumed. There is evidence of Dollmann’s demands for his officers to support the Nazi Party, hang pictures of Hitler, and actively engage in the National Socialist Women’s League. Despite these tendencies, Dollmann’s commitment to the Nazi cause remains ambiguous.

Invasion of France: A Defining Moment

Dollmann’s career reached a pivotal juncture during the invasion of France in 1940. Leading the 7th Army, he played a crucial role in encircling and defeating a significant portion of the French army, earning him a promotion to the rank of Generaloberst (colonel general). This campaign showcased Dollmann’s military prowess and tactical skills.

Occupation of France: Complacency and Neglect

Following the victory in France, Dollmann and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben were among the few commanders not sent to the Eastern Front. Dollmann’s tenure, however, was marred by complacency, neglecting coastal defenses and failing to adapt to evolving military tactics. It was only in late 1943, under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel’s scrutiny, that Dollmann initiated substantial efforts to fortify French coastal defenses, but it was too late.

D-Day: An Unprepared Defense

As the Allied invasion of Normandy, known as D-Day, unfolded on June 6, 1944, Dollmann’s 7th Army faced a formidable challenge. Although Dollmann was considered an experienced commander, he was ill-prepared for the highly coordinated Allied assault. The German defenses proved inadequate to repel the massive invasion.

Cherbourg and Tragic End

The fall of Cherbourg in late June 1944 marked a turning point in Dollmann’s career. Hitler’s displeasure led to Dollmann’s removal from command. Dollmann’s exact cause of death remains disputed. Some sources claim he suffered a heart attack, while others suggest he took his own life. Regardless of the circumstances, Dollmann’s career ended tragically and controversially.

Friedrich Dollmann’s life and military career are emblematic of the complexities and challenges faced by German generals during World War II. His involvement with the Nazi regime, his successes and failures on the battlefield, and the controversies surrounding his death make him a compelling figure in the annals of military history.