The Devadasis of India: From Temple Dancers to a Forgotten Legacy

In India, the Devadasis were once revered as female artists dedicated to the worship and service of deities or temples. Their journey from respected temple dancers to stigmatized figures associated with prostitution is a complex tale intertwined with historical, social, and political changes. This video explores the rich history of Devadasis, their role in temple worship, and the tragic transformation they underwent during British colonial rule.

The Origins of Devadasis

The Devadasi tradition’s exact origins remain shrouded in history, with no clear mention in ancient scriptures. However, its roots can be traced back to the 3rd century CE. The inception of this practice was marked by great respect for the women chosen to become Devadasis. They were considered “those great women who could control natural human impulses” and were married to deities, thus symbolizing auspiciousness.

Duties and Roles of Devadasis

Devadasis played a vital role in temple worship, adhering to the Agamas, which stipulated that dance and music were essential aspects of daily puja. These women, skilled in classical Indian dances such as Bharatanatyam, Mohiniyattam, Kuchipudi, and Odissi, were responsible for performing these dances during temple rituals. Their devotion and talents earned them high regard in society.

The Chola Empire and Devadasis

During the reign of the Chola Empire, the Devadasi system thrived. The Chola dynasty actively supported these temple dancers, maintaining a considerable number of Devadasis, their gurus, and orchestras. Nattuvanars, male accompanists, played a crucial role in Devadasi performances, teaching both dance and music to these women. This era marked the zenith of Devadasi affluence.

The Yellamma Cult in Karnataka

The southern state of Karnataka was home to the Devadasi system for over ten centuries, with the Yellamma cult being a prominent manifestation. Legends surrounding this cult trace back to the story of Renuka, a woman who became revered as Yellamma, a goddess. This cult contributed to the long-lasting tradition of Devadasis in Karnataka.

The Colonial Era and Decline

The colonial period marked the beginning of the downfall of the Devadasi system. The British colonial government, equating Devadasis with prostitutes, implemented various measures to control their activities. They mandated the registration of Devadasis, leading to the misconception that they were responsible for the spread of venereal diseases. These women were also confined to Lock Hospitals, forcibly brought in from their communities.

Reform and Abolition

During the colonial era, reformists and abolitionists worked to eradicate the Devadasi system, which had degenerated into a system of prostitution. Amy Carmichael, an Irish missionary, played a crucial role in helping Devadasi women escape this way of life. Post-independence, India passed laws like the Bombay Devadasi Protection Act (1934) and the Madras Devadasi (Prevention of Dedication) Act (1947) to ban the practice. However, despite these legislative efforts, the Devadasi system continued in a rudimentary form.

Contemporary Scenario

Today, the Devadasi system is largely outlawed, with varying degrees of enforcement in different Indian states. Some regions have reported the eradication of the practice, while others acknowledge its persistence in defiance of the law. Organizations and activists like Sitavva Joddati in Karnataka have worked to help former Devadasis reintegrate into mainstream society, providing them with a chance to live a life of dignity.

Conclusion

The Devadasis of India, once revered temple dancers and guardians of the arts, endured a tragic transformation during the colonial era. From a respected tradition, they became associated with prostitution and faced immense social stigma. Although the Devadasi system is officially outlawed, its vestiges still linger in some parts of India. The history of Devadasis serves as a reminder of the complex interplay of culture, religion, and colonialism in shaping the lives of women in India.