Walter Heitz: The German General Who Shaped World War II
In this article, we will explore the remarkable life of Walter Heitz, a German general (Generaloberst) in the Wehrmacht during World War II. Heitz’s journey is marked by his role as the President of the Reich Military Court and his leadership in the Battle of Stalingrad. Let’s delve into the life of this decorated World War I officer who rose through the ranks of the Third Reich.
Early Life and World War I Service.
Walter Heitz was born in Berlin on December 8, 1878. He embarked on his military career by joining the Prussian army on August 18, 1899. His dedication and leadership abilities led to his rapid ascent through the ranks. During World War I, Heitz served as a battery commander and battalion commander, demonstrating his prowess in various theaters, including East Prussia, the Russian Front, and the Western Front. He was honored with the Wehrmacht long service award House Order of Hohenzollern with swords during the war.
Interwar Period: Supporting Nazism.
In the interwar period, Heitz continued to make his mark within the military. He served in various capacities, including the Artillery Inspectorate in the Defense Ministry and as the commander of Fortress Koenigsberg. Described as a “harsh, right-wing career officer,” Heitz’s unwavering support for Nazism and Hitler played a pivotal role in his appointment as the President of the Reich Military Court in 1936.
The Reich Military Court and Legal Changes.
During Heitz’s tenure as President of the Reich Military Court, significant legal changes occurred in Nazi Germany. The concept of Wehrkraftzersetzung, undermining military force, was established as a sedition offense. This law criminalized criticism, dissent, and opposition to Nazi political and military leadership, particularly within the Wehrmacht’s military justice system.
World War II: A Late-Blooming General.
With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Heitz was already 60 years old and eligible for retirement. However, driven by his fervor, he requested frontline duty. Heitz was appointed as the commander of the armed forces in Danzig-West Prussia during the invasion of Poland. His leadership in this capacity was marked by a strong stance against the Poles.
Heitz’s dedication and battlefield leadership were further recognized when he was appointed as the commanding general of the 8 Army Corps during the Invasion of France. In September 1940, he was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross for his personal valor in scouting river crossings and leading his troops across the Oise river under enemy fire.
Operation Barbarossa and the Road to Stalingrad.
Heitz’s journey continued as he led the 8 Army Corps during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. The Corps participated in crucial battles, including the Battle of Białystok–Minsk and the First Battle of Smolensk. After a brief occupation duty in Paris, the Corps returned to the Eastern Front, where it played a role in the pivotal Case Blue offensive.
The Battle of Stalingrad and Heitz’s Controversial Orders.
In August 1942, Heitz’s 8 Army Corps, along with the rest of the German 6th Army, entered the harrowing Battle of Stalingrad. The situation in Stalingrad deteriorated as the Soviet forces launched Operation Uranus, encircling and threatening the German forces.
Heitz’s controversial orders during the siege of Stalingrad included the directive to shoot defeatists and anyone attempting to surrender. He coined the slogan: “We fight to the last bullet but one.” These harsh orders led to a divide among the German leadership in Stalingrad.
Surrender and Captivity.
As the situation worsened, Heitz ordered ruthless measures, including threats to shoot anyone surrendering or displaying the white flag. On January 31, 1943, he surrendered the central pocket of German forces in Stalingrad.
Legacy.
Walter Heitz, one of the highest-ranking German officers taken prisoner by the Allies, remained unyielding in his opposition to the anti-Nazi National Committee for a Free Germany during his Soviet captivity. Heitz’s life and decisions in World War II reflect the complex and challenging circumstances faced by military leaders during this turbulent era.He died on 9 February 1944 while in Soviet captivity.
In conclusion, Walter Heitz’s journey from a decorated World War I officer to a controversial figure in World War II highlights the complexities and moral dilemmas that characterized the period. His legacy continues to be a subject of historical inquiry and debate.
