[explogate 07: endnotes]
1. See Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001) and Andreas Killen, 1973 Nervous Breakdown: Watergate, Warhol, and the Birth of Post-Sixties America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2006).
2. Philip Jenkins, Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 11–13.
3. “Tuesday, February 2 [1971], H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973, National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/haldeman-diaries/37-hrhd-audiocassette-ac04a-19710202-pa.pdf
4. William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), 145. According to the footnote on page 403 “…Folder Jan 1-Feb 15, 71. White house logs indicate that Graham had seen the president on February 1, the date of the annual national Prayer Breakfast.” Other sources indicate the Prayer Breakfast was actually on February 2, 1971. Richard Nixon, “Remarks at the National Prayer Breakfast,” February 2, 1971, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3243
5. Billy Graham, The Jesus Generation (Grand Rapids, MI.: Zondervan, 1971), 13–14.
6. Martin, With God on Our Side, 145.
7. Taping began on February 16, 1971. H. R. Haldeman, “The Nixon White House Tapes: The Decision to Record Presidential Conversations,” Summer 1988, Vol. 30, №2, https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1988/summer/haldeman.html.
8. Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President, 1968 (New York: Trident Press, 1969), 163.
9. “Conversation 662–004,” White House Tapes, February 1, 1972, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/white-house-tapes/662/conversation-662-004.
10. See Darren Dochuk, “There Will Be Oil: Presidents, Wildcat Religion, and the Culture Wars of Pipeline Politics,” in Recapturing the Oval Office: New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency, Brian Balogh and Bruce J. Schulman, eds. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015). Also see Darren E. Grem, “Christianity Today, J. Howard Pew, and the Business of Conservative Evangelicalism,” Enterprise & Society, Volume 15, Issue 2 June 2014 , pp. 337–379.
11. Thomas Kidd, “Politicians Speaking at the Southern Baptist Annual Meeting: A Brief History,” The Gospel Coalition, June 12, 2018, https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/evangelical-history/politicians-speaking-southern-baptist-annual-meeting-brief-history/. The matter-of-fact relationship between the GOP and the SBC was shaken in 2018 by divisions in the denomination over inviting Vice President Mike Pence to speak. Michelle Boorstein, “Why Southern Baptists giving Mike Pence a platform is so controversial,” Washington Post, June 12, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/06/13/why-southern-baptists-giving-mike-pence-a-platform-is-so-controversial/?utm_term=.7f81be96b9b0.
12. See “Graham, Billy — Sermons — Collection 265,” Billy Graham Center Archives, https://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/GUIDES/265.htm.
13. H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: G.P. Putman’s Sons,1994), 405.
14. See Gary J. Bass, Nixon and Kissinger’s Forgotten Shame,” New York Times, September 29, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html, and also Gary J. Bass, The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger and a Forgotten Genocide (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013).
15. Vincent Butler, “Controversy Hits Pulitzer Selections,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1972, 3.
16. John G. Turner, Bill Bright & Campus Crusade for Christ: The Renewal of Evangelicalism in Postwar America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 141.
17. Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail ’72 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973/2012), 111.
18. Andrew Glass, “The 26th Amendment gains approval, July 1, 1971,” Politico, July 1, 2017, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/01/the-26th-amendment-gains-approval-july-1-1971-240006.
19. H. R. Haldeman, Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973, National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/documents/haldeman-diaries/37-hrhd-audiocassette-ac18b-19720201-pa.pdf.
20. “Graham Sees Record Turnout For Texas Rally,” Chicago Tribune, June 12, 1972: c12.
21. “Youths Spread Gospel of Jesus,” Chicago Tribune, 15 June 15, 1972: a14; “The Great Jesus Rally in Dallas,” LIFE, June 30, 1972, 45. https://books.google.com/books?id=B1UEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=LIFE+June+30,+1972&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5lYKNgO_cAhUGG6wKHQWRDAoQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=LIFE%20June%2030%2C%201972&f=false.
22. See Steven P. Miller, Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009).
23. “The Great Jesus Rally in Dallas,” LIFE, June 30, 1972.
24. “The Jesus Revolution,” TIME, June 21, 1971, http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19710621,00.html
25. Bill Bright, Revolution Now (Arrowhead Springs, CA.: Campus Crusade for Christ, 1969/1971), 7.
26. Turner, Bill Bright & Campus Crusade for Christ, 111.
27. Turner, Bill Bright & Campus Crusade for Christ, 109.
28. Turner, Bill Bright & Campus Crusade for Christ, 141.
29. Turner, 141. fn. 41, on 252, reference H. R. Haldeman’s notes, 2 Feb. 1972, Box 45, White House Special Files, Nixon Presidential Material, National Records and Archives Service.
30. Richard Nixon, “Remarks at Ceremonies Honoring Billy Graham in Charlotte, North Carolina,” October 15, 1971, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3192.
31. Miller, Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South, 144.
32. William Martin, A Prophet With Honor: The Billy Graham Story (New York: William Morrow, 1991), 26.
33. Jeb Stuart Magruder, An American Life: One Man’s Road to Watergate (New York: Atheneum, 1974), 119.
34. Kevin M. Kruse, One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America (New York : Basic Books, 2015), 269–270.
35. Paul Eshleman with Norman B. Rohrer, The Explo Story: A Plan to Change the World (Glendale Calif., G/L Regal Books, 1972), 31.
36. Jim Wallis, Revive Us Again: A Sojourner’s Story, (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1983), 84.
37. Peter Ediger, “Explo ’72,” Post-American, Fall, 1972, https://sojo.net/magazine/fall-1972/explo-72.
38. See Wallis, Revive Us Again: A Sojourner’s Story.
39. Jim Wallis, “Post-American Christianity,” Post-American, Fall, 1971, https://sojo.net/magazine/fall-1971/post-american-christianity.
40. Wallis, “Post-American Christianity.”
41. Jim Wallis, “The Movemental Church,” The Post-American, Winter 1972, 2. Cited in Brantley W. Gasaway, “An Alternative Soul of Politics: The Rise of Contemporary Progressive Evangelicalism,” PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2008, https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:afcf536b-8e27-4a88-be83-68926f8ecdac.
42. Joe Roos, “American Civil Religion,” The Post-American, Spring 1972, 9. Cited in Gasaway, “An Alternative Soul of Politics.”
43. Jim Wallis, “The Issue of 1972,” The Post-American, Fall, 1972, 2–3. Cited in Gasaway, “An Alternative Soul of Politics.”
44. David Swartz, Moral Minority: The Evangelical Left in an Age of Conservatism (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 175–177.
45. “Election Polls — Vote by Groups, 1968–1972,” GALLUP, https://news.gallup.com/poll/9457/election-polls-vote-groups-19681972.aspx.
46. “Steve Taylor — Sonfest 95 press conference,” July 28, 1995, Sonfest 95, Chilliwack, BC., http://peter.chattaway.com/articles/steve95.htm.
47. Peter Ediger, “Explo ’72.”
48. Scott Lamb, Huckabee: The Authorized Biography (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2015), 86–87.
49. John Dean, The Nixon Defense: What He Knew and When He Knew It (New York: Penguin Putnam, 2015), 1.
50. Eshelman, The Explo Story, 12–13.
51. Alfred E. Lewis, “5 Held in Plot to Bug Democrats’ Office Here,” Washington Post, Sunday, June 18, 1972 — with contributions from Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein and six other staffers, including a Vietnam veteran and Harvard graduate intern at the Post named Tim O’Brien, who during his visit to the scene walked into a lobby door at the Watergate, breaking the glass. “He was not hurt. Report it to maintenance,” wrote the guard on duty, Frank Willis, who played himself in All The President’s Men.
52. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “GOP Security Aide Among Five Arrested in Bugging Affair,” Washington Post, June 19, 1972, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2002/05/31/AR2005111001228.html.
53. “Monday, June 19th,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973 National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/haldeman-diaries/37-hrhd-audiocassette-ac22b-19720619-pa.pdf. “[The President] reported that he’d had a long talk with Billy Graham. That Graham has a line in to Wallace through Mrs. Wallace who has become a Christian. That Billy will talk to Wallace whenever we want him to. The President feels our strategy must be to keep Wallace in the Democratic Party and that Billy can help us on that. So immediately after the Democratic Convention, I’m supposed to call Graham, and Graham should put the pressure on Wallace to decide whether he’s going to be used as a spoiler, which would surely elect McGovern. The main key for us is to keep this a two way race. I’m also to talk to Mitchell about who’s going to talk to Wallace and how we’re going to handle him and what his price is…”
54. Ibid.
55. June 20, 1972. See David Kopel, “The missing 18 1/2 minutes: Presidential destruction of incriminating evidence,” The Washington Post, June 16, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/06/16/the-missing-18-12-minutes-presidential-destruction-of-incriminating-evidence/?utm_term=.b012c4230527.
56. “The Smoking Gun Tape,” June 23, 1972, Watergate.info, http://watergate.info/1972/06/23/the-smoking-gun-tape.html.
57. “Tuesday, July, 18, 1972,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973 National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364.
58. “Thursday, July 20,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973, National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364.
59. “Tuesday, July, 18, 1972,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection.
60. “Saturday, July 15, 1972,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973, National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364.
61. “Tuesday, July, 18, 1972,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection.
62. “Wednesday, July 19,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973, National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364. Also see: “Tuesday, July, 18, 1972,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection.
63. “Thursday, July 20,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection.
64. “Thursday, July 20,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection.
65. “Tuesday, July 11,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973, National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364.
66. Walter Rugaber, “Calls to G.O.P. Unit Linked to Raid on the Democrats,” New York Times, July 25, 1972, 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/25/archives/calls-to-gop-unit-linked-to-raid-on-the-democrats-phone-calls-to.html.
67. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, “Bug Suspect Got Campaign Funds,” Washington Post, August 1, 1972, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bug-suspect-got-campaign-funds/2012/06/06/gJQAyTjKJV_story.html.
68. “Billy Graham Says He’ll Cast Vote for Nixon,” Chicago Tribune, August 13, 1972, A10.
69. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward,” Mitchell Controlled Secret GOP Fund,” Washington Post, September 29, 1972, A01, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/092972-1.htm.
70. Timothy Crouse, The Boys on the Bus (New York: Random House, 1972–3/2003), 290: “As late as October 5, Jack Nelson and Ron Ostrow of the Los Angeles Times, two of the best investigative reporters in the business, wrote resignedly that ‘Justice Department officials involved in the investigation have said that the real motivation for the bizarre incident may never emerge.’ Five days later, it did.”; Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, “FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats,” Washington Post, October 10, 1972, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2002/06/03/AR2005111001232.html.
71. See Ken Hughes, Fatal Politics: The Nixon Tapes, the Vietnam War and the Casualties of Reelection (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016). Kissinger would win the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize. For “End Times” watchers, with their perverse good-news-is-bad-news outlook, that was proof Kissinger was the Antichrist. Two years later, Kissinger tried to return his prize when South Vietnam fell. Critics’ ongoing demands that Kissinger stand trial for crimes against humanity suggests the possibility that the apocalypticists accidentally caught a whopper in their net.
72. “Thursday, July 27,” H. R. Haldeman Diaries Collection, January 18, 1969 — April 30, 1973, National Archives and Records Administration, Online Public Access Catalog Identifier: 7787364.
73. Douglas Brinkley and Luke A. Nichter, eds., The Nixon Tapes: 1971–1972 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), 607–608.
74. Graham, “Confidential Missionary Plan for Ending the Vietnam War,” April 1 5, 1 969, p. 1 -2, collection 74, box 3, folder 7, BGCA (RN), cited fn. 51, in Daniel Alexander Hays, “A Babe in the Woods?’: Billy Graham, Anticommunism, and Vietnam,” January 1, 2017, Master’s Thesis, Eastern Illinois University, https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3522&context=theses.
75. Ken Hughes, Chasing Shadows, 47.
76.See Mark Feldstein, Poisoning the Press: Richard Nixon, Jack Anderson, and the Rise of Washington’s Scandal Culture (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), especially Chapter 14, “Kill Him,” pps. 268–290.
77. Ken Hughes, Fatal Politics: The Nixon Tapes, the Vietnam War and the Casualties of Reelection (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016), 208–209.
78. Gwen Morgan, “Viet cease-fire signed in Paris,” Chicago Tribune, January 28, 1973, 3. The peace accords were signed on January 27, 1973.
79. Richard Nixon, “Remarks at National Prayer Breakfast,” The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3941.
80. James T. Wooten, “Nixon Hears War Called a ‘Sin,’ New York Times, February 2, 1973, https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/02/archives/nixon-hears-war-called-a-sin.html.
81. Raymond Haberski, Jr., God and War: American Civil Religion Since 1945 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2012), 99.
82. Wooten, “Nixon Hears War Called a ‘Sin,’ New York Times, February 2, 1973.
83. Wesley Granberg-Michaelson, Unexpected Destinations: An Evangelical Pilgrimage to World Christianity (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011), 78. Even more fascinating, Billy Graham had tried get Richard Nixon to make Hatfield his VP in 1968. That fell apart because of Hatfield’s antiwar views. That might-have-been is one more among tragic losses of that year. Hatfield may have braked Nixon’s worst side, or, failing that, been his successor.
84. Granberg-Michaelson, Unexpected Destinations, 75.
85. For example, see Mark O. Hatfield, “Piety and Patriotism,” Post-American, May-June, 1973, https://sojo.net/magazine/may-june-1973/piety-and-patriotism; Mark O. Hatfield, “On National Security,” Post-American, November-December, 1973, https://sojo.net/magazine/november-december-1973/national-security; Mark O. Hatfield, “Repentance, Politics, and Power,” Post-American, January, 1974, https://sojo.net/magazine/january-1974/repentance-politics-and-power; Mark O. Hatfield, “On Repentance and National Humiliation, Post-American, April 1974, https://sojo.net/magazine/april-1974/repentance-and-national-humiliation; Mark O. Hatfield, “And Still They Hunger: The Response of the World Food Conference,” Post-American, January, 1975; Mark O. Hatfield, “An Economics to Sustain Humanity,” Post-American, March, 1975.
86. Mark O. Hatfield, “Vietnam: A Sobering Postscript,” Post-American, May, 1975, https://sojo.net/magazine/may-1975/vietnam-sobering-postscript.
87. Wes Granberg-Michaelson, “Two Very Different National Prayer Breakfasts,” Sojo, 2–03–17 cites speech from Between a Rock and a Hard Place pp. 94–95 https://sojo.net/articles/two-very-different-national-prayer-breakfasts
88. Ibid.
89. Quoted in Swartz, Moral Minority, 78.
90. A transcript is available here: Bruce Wilson, “Transcript: Billy Graham and Richard Nixon, February 21, 1973,” Talk to Action, http://www.talk2action.org/story/2009/10/31/133853/93/Diary/Transcript_Billy_Graham_and_Richard_Nixon_February_21_1973. Among the points of interest in this conversation is Billy Graham’s comment to Nixon about his 21-year old son, Franklin, who “says you’re the greatest president that we’ve ever had in the history of America.”
91. The recording was posted online at the Nixon Library at https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/tape043/043-161.mp3.
92. Mark O. Hatfield, Conflict and Conscience (Waco, TX: Word Books, 1971/1977), http://www.ccel.us/hatfield.toc.html#Pr
93. Jim Wallis, “Forward,” in Lon Fendall, Stand Alone Or Come Home: Mark Hatfield as an Evangelical and a Progressive (Newberg, OR: Barclay Press, 2008), xiv.
94. Thanksgiving Workshop of Evangelical Social Concern, November 23–25, 1973. See David R. Swartz, Moral Minority: The Evangelical Left in an Age of Conservatism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).
95. Gasaway, Progressive Evangelicals and the Pursuit of Social Justice, 242.
96. Brad Cain, “Hiroshima Blast Defined an Era, and One Man’s Career: WWII: Young Navy Lt. Mark Hatfield was stunned by devastation. Later, as governor and senator, he opposed war,” Los Angeles Times, August 8, 1999, http://articles.latimes.com/1999/aug/08/news/mn-63690.
97. The amendment was introduced in the Senate in June, 1979. See Jim Wallis, “Forward,” in Lon Fendall, Stand Alone Or Come Home: Mark Hatfield as an Evangelical and a Progressive (Newberg, OR: Barclay Press, 2008), xiv. Also see: Jim Wallis and Jim Rice, “People of Faith and the Freeze,” in Glen Harold Stassen, Lawrence S. Wittner, Peace Action: Past, Present, and Future (New York: Routledge, 2007/2016), 82; Daryl G. Kimball, “In Memoriam: Mark O. Hatfield (1922–2011), Arms Control Association, https://www.armscontrol.org/2011_09/In_Memoriam_Mark_Hatfield.
98. The Kennedy-Hatfield resolution was introduced in the Senate, March 10, 1982. The Nuclear Freeze movement became a national political issue by Spring, 1982. The GOP countered with its own quasi-version of a “freeze” option that actually maintained the status quo. See Douglas C. Waller, Congress and the Nuclear Freeze: An Inside Look at the Politics of a Mass Movement (Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press, 1987).
99. The official story has it that Graham’s turn against nuclear weapons happened as a result of his visit to Auschwitz. Since, however, he mentions it in the speech he gave there, it seems likely that it was already underway. Wallis had this explanation. “[A]s a result of falling in love with the new congregations he was preaching to in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Graham had a ‘change of heart’ on the nuclear arms race…” Jim Wallis, “From Jim Wallis to Billy Graham, on His 93rd Birthday: ‘Thank you!’, Sojourners, November 7, 2011, https://sojo.net/articles/jim-wallis-billy-graham-his-93rd-birthday-thank-you.
100. Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995/2007), 58: “For many years, the two events were unlikely even to appear, however innocently, in the same sentence, the unspoken barrier between them reflecting a fear that the bomb had the power to destroy the distinction not only between victory and defeat, but between good and evil nations.”
101. Wallis, “From Jim Wallis to Billy Graham,” Sojourners, November 7, 2011.
102. Jim Wallis and Wes Michaelson, “A Change of Heart: Billy Graham on the Nuclear Arms Race,” Sojourners (August 1979), 12–14. https://sojo.net/magazine/august-1979/change-heart.
103. William Martin, in Prophet With Honor, frequently expresses bewilderment at Billy Graham’s bewilderment: “Graham’s memory for other events of this period tend to follow a similar pattern. Mention of amply and precisely documented meetings, letters, telephone calls, and public statements were met with verbal and facial expressions of vague puzzlement and turned away by denial, modest acknowledgement of a faulty memory, or a shifting of the subject to some extraneous personal recollection. Nowhere was this tendency more obvious than in discussion of Richard Nixon’s second election in 1972, a sequence of events that marked what was probably the closest Graham ever came to coming to the classic temptations offered by ‘the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them.’ (Matt. 4:8).” [p. 390] “When faced with extensive evidence that he had been viewed in the White House as an ally with a good deal more to offer than pastoral counsel and had, in fact, taken an active and independent role in abetting Nixon’s reelection, Graham seemed genuinely baffled…” [p. 398]
104. Wallis and Michaelson, “A Change of Heart,” Sojourners.
105. Jim Wallis, “Press Statement by Jim Wallis of Sojourners on Rev. Billy Graham’s Passing,” Sojourners, https://sojo.net/about-us/news/press-statement-jim-wallis-sojourners-rev-billy-graham-s-passing
106. Wallis, “From Jim Wallis to Billy Graham,” Sojourners, November 7, 2011.
107. See Michael G. Long, Billy Graham and the Beloved Community: America’s Evangelist and the Dream and the Dream of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 6, on “the relatively deplorable state of Graham scholarship.”
108. See Philip Gorski, American Covenant: A History of Civil Religion from the Puritans to the Present (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017).
© 2018 Mike Hertenstein. All rights reserved.
