Passive aggression involves indirectly expressing anger, frustration, or hostility through subtle acts of resistance, avoidance, or undermining behaviors. This behavior, characterized by procrastination, sullenness, or stubbornness, can harm relationships and hinder effective communication. Research indicates that men tend to score higher in passive aggression than women, and workplace encounters with passive-aggressive communication are prevalent, affecting 73% of individuals.
Common signs of passive-aggressive behavior include sulking, indirect compliments with hidden criticism, procrastination, frequent complaints without action, and expressing resentment through subtle actions. The effects of passive aggression can include elevated stress levels, trust issues, low self-esteem, and the development of depressive symptoms and anxiety.
Causes of passive aggression may include learned behavior modeling, a fear of confrontation, and growing up in environments discouraging direct expression of emotions. Diagnosis involves identifying behavior patterns, clinical interviews, and psychological assessments. Treatment may include medications addressing underlying conditions and therapeutic interventions like cognitive-behavioral therapy and anger management.
Dealing with passive aggression involves recognizing manifestations, staying composed, expressing expectations assertively, practicing active listening, and seeking support. Coping strategies include reinforcing positive behavior, fostering empathy, and addressing underlying issues for healthier relationships.
