Exploring IndoDapoer Part 2: Education Equality in Indonesia Provinces
In the previous post, I explored Indo-Dapoer data based on an indicator: expenditure. In this post, I am going to explore another vital indicator which sometimes become main concern in Indonesia, education.
One of the vital indicator of how a province treat its education is how much their spending for education. Same as previous post, Jakarta is the biggest spending in matters of education. Gap between Jakarta and second biggest spender of education expenditure, Riau, is around 700 billion. If all other provinces’s education expenditure combined, its difference compared to Jakarta is only + 200 billion. Allocation of Jakarta’s education expenditure is a lot higher than other provinces.

Province’s expenditure is generated mainly by local and national government, so how about household expenditure for education? Household expenditure is also covered in Indo-Dapoer though the latest data is only available for 2014. Every month, most of household in Jakarta spend 116K Rupiah for education. Differences compared to other provinces is not quite high, people in Yogyakarta, the second-ranked provinces, spend 84K Rupiah each month while in Kepulauan Riau people spend 72K. In average, Indonesian spend 38K Rupiah every month for education.

Another indicator of education that can be examine in Indo-Dapoer is net enrollment ratio. Net enrollment ratio represent how many children of official school age (primary, junior secondary, or senior secondary) that are enrolled in formal education. In primary high school, almost half of children at that age enrolls school. While in junior secondary, in average only 29% children at that age enrolls junior high school. And in senior high school, in average only 20% children enrolls.

Among Jakarta, Jawa Barat, and Jawa Timur, senior secondary net ratio is quite low in Jawa Barat. Only 19% of children at that age enroll to high school.

In Sumatra, primary and junior high school has a similar enrollment ratio. Sumatra Selatan has a low senior high school enrollment ratio.

Comparing Bali and NTB, enrollment ratio for senior high school is quite similar, it’s around 20–25%. But NTT has a very low senior high school enrollment, only 15%.

In Kalimantan Barat and Kalimantan Selatan, the situation is quite similar to Jawa Barat, only 16% and 17% enrolls senior high school, respectively.

Papua and Papua Barat high school enrollment is pretty low, only 15% and 13% respectively, which make them considered as bottom 5 among other provinces.

Another important indicator to see education condition in Indonesia is to compare number of teacher to the number of student. Although Indo-Dapoer only provides 2009 data regarding this indicator, we could see comparison of student and teacher in every provinces.
Comparison for primary school is quite high, in Bali 1 teacher has to teach around 25 students. Compare it to junior high school where 1 teacher has to teach 9 students (Bangka Belitung), and senior high school where 1 teacher has to teach 7 students (Kalimantan Timur).

Indo-Dapoer also provided data regarding number of school but unfortunately the data is only available for 2019. This indicator can be used to compare number of student to number of school, and also comparing number of teacher to number of school. At NTT, a school in primary level only teaches 9 students, 7 students in junior secondary level, and 10 students in senior secondary level. Means that there are a lot of children at those age in NTT which do not attending school. Kepulauan Riau has the biggest number of student in one school, in average there are 47 students which attend primary school.

As for the teacher, sadly there are less than 10 teacher in a school, regardless the level of education and the provinces.

Based on these finding, there are some key points that can be concluded:
- Expenditure allocation is still focused on Indonesia’s capital city, Jakarta.
- In average Indonesian spend 38K Rupiah every month.
- Enrollment rate drops drastically in junior secondary level.
- The further a province from Jakarta, the lower its enrollment rate.
- Proportion of student to teacher is way too high, and it’s happening in most provinces.
- In some provinces, less than 20 students attend a school. While from teacher perspective, in average a school has less than 10 teacher.
Although Indo-Dapoer data might not represent our current condition, these key points can be indicators to assess Indonesia’s education. These key points can also being used as comparison to assess education performance in the future.
Same as previous article, if you want to look at the data and slice it, open this dashboard and change it based on your needs. If you have any concern regarding my article, do not hesitate to contact me :)
