Significance of AMPA in the Brain part2(Neuroscience)
- AminoMethylPhosphonic acid (AMPA) in natural waters: Its sources, behavior and environmental fate(PubMed)
Author : Alexis Grandcoin 1, Stéphanie Piel 2, Estelle Baurès 3
Abstract : The widely occurring degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is a result of glyphosate and amino-polyphosphonate degradation. Massive use of the parent compounds leads to the ubiquity of AMPA in the environment, and particularly in water. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss current insights into AMPA formation, transport, persistence and toxicity. In agricultural soils, AMPA is concentrated in the topsoil, and degrades slowly in most soils. It can reach shallow groundwater, but rarely managed to enter deep groundwater. AMPA is strongly adsorbed to soil particles and moves with the particles towards the stream in rainfall runoff. In urban areas, AMPA comes from phosphonates and glyphosate in wastewater. It is commonly found at the outlets of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). Sediments tend to accumulate AMPA, where it may be biodegraded. Airborne AMPA is not negligible, but does wash-out with heavy rainfall. AMPA is reported to be persistent and can be biologically degraded in soils and sediments. Limited photodegradation in waters exists. AMPA mainly has its sources in agricultural leachates, and urban wastewater effluents. The domestic contribution to urban loads is negligible. There is a critical lack of epidemiological data — especially on water exposure — to understand the toxicological effects, if any, of AMPA on humans. Fortunately, well operated water treatment plants remove a significant proportion of the AMPA from water, even though there are not sufficient regulatory limits for metabolites.
2. Neurotrophic effects of AMPA(PubMed)
Author : Cristina Limatola 1
Abstract : AMPA-type glutamate receptors may transduce both neurotoxic and neurotrophic signals, basically depending on receptor subunit composition and on the extent of receptor activation. While a great deal of data are available on the mechanisms underlying the neurotoxic effects induced by AMPA receptor stimulation, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for their neurotrophic activities. This review describes the experimental evidences in favor of a neurotrophic effect of AMPA and compares the mechanisms identified and the signaling pathways involved with those relevant for the neurotrophic activities of other neurotrophins.
