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There are two main aspects regarding thread safety. One is execution control, and the other one is memory visibility. Whereas volatile provides memory visibility (all threads will access the same value from the main m…
Ultimately, the goal of a control plane is to set policy that will eventually be enacted by the data plane. More advanced control planes will abstract more of the system from the operator and require less ha…
… to reference another object if the former has an access to the latter (can be implicit or explicit). For instance, a JavaScript object has a reference to its prototype (implicit reference) and to its properties’ values (explicit reference).