5G REVIEW WHAT IS 5G

5G is the fifth generation wireless technology for digital cellular networks that began wide deployment in 2019. As with previous standards, the covered areas are divided into regions called "cells", serviced by individual antennas. Virtually every major telecommunication service provider in the developed world is deploying antennas or intends to deploy them soon. The frequency spectrum of 5G is divided into millimeter waves, mid-band and low-band. Low-band uses a similar frequency range as the predecessor, 4G.

5G

3GPP's 5G logo
Introduced
Late 2018
5G millimeter wave is the fastest, with actual speeds often being 1–2 Gbit/s down. Frequencies are above 24 GHz reaching up to 72 GHz which is above the extremely high frequency band's lower boundary. The reach is short, so more cells are required. Millimeter waves have difficulty traversing many walls and windows, so indoor coverage is limited.

5G mid-band is the most widely deployed, in over 20 networks. Speeds in a 100 MHz wide band are usually 100–400 Mbit/s down. In the lab and occasionally in the field, speeds can go over a gigabit per second. Frequencies deployed are from 2.4 GHz to 4.2 GHz. Sprint and China Mobile are using 2.5 GHz, while others are mostly between 3.3 and 4.2 GHz, a range which offers increased reach. Many areas can be covered simply by upgrading existing towers, which lowers the cost.

5G low-band offers similar capacity to advanced 4G. In the United States, T-Mobile and AT&T launched low-band services on the first week of December 2019. T-Mobile CTO Neville Ray warns that speeds on their 600 MHz 5G may be as low as 25 Mbit/s down.[1] AT&T, using 850 MHz, will also usually deliver less than 100 Mbit/s in 2019. The performance will improve, but cannot be significantly greater than robust 4G in the same spectrum.

Verizon, AT&T, and almost all 5G providers in 2019 have latencies between 25–35 milliseconds. The "air latency" (between a phone and a tower) in 2019 equipment is 8–12 ms. The latency to the server, farther back in the network, raise the average to ~30 ms, 25–40% lower than typical 4G deployed. Adding "Edge Servers" close to the towers can bring latency down to 10–20 ms. Lower latency, such as the often touted 1 ms, is years away and does not include the time to the server.

The industry project 3GPP defines any system using "5G NR" (5G New Radio) software as, "5G",[citation needed] a definition that came into general use by late 2018. Previously, some reserved the term for systems that deliver frequencies of 20 GHz shared called for by ITU IMT-2020. 3GPP will submit their 5G NR to the ITU.[2] In addition to traditional mobile operator services, 5G NR also addresses specific requirements for private mobile networks ranging from industrial IoT to critical communications.

Overview

5G networks are digital cellular networks, in which the service area covered by providers is divided into small geographical areas called cells. Analog signals representing sounds and images are digitized in the telephone, converted by an analog to digital converter and transmitted as a stream of bits. All the 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local antenna array and low power automated transceiver (transmitter and receiver) in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the transceiver from a pool of frequencies that are reused in other cells. The local antennas are connected with the telephone network and the Internet by a high bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connection. As in other cell networks, a mobile device crossing from one cell to another is automatically "handed off" seamlessly to the new cell.

Verizon and a few others are using millimeter waves.[3] Millimeter waves have shorter range than microwaves, therefore the cells are limited to smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls.[4] Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. They are only a few inches (several centimeters) long. Another technique used for increasing the data rate is massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output).[4] Each cell will have multiple antennas communicating with the wireless device, received by multiple antennas in the device, thus multiple bitstreams of data will be transmitted simultaneously, in parallel. In a technique called beamforming, the base station computer will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves to reach each wireless device, and will organize multiple antennas to work together as phased arrays to create beams of millimeter waves to reach the device.[4][5]

Over 20 networks are deployed using mid-band spectrum, from 2.4 to 4.2 GHz. Mid-band networks have better reach, bringing the cost close to the cost of 4G.

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.

T-Mobile USA and AT&T are announcing low-band 5G in December 2019. The performance, reach, and cost will be similar to 4G in the same band when the 5G systems are fully developed and can access more carrier frequencies.

The new 5G wireless devices also have 4G LTE capability, as the new networks use 4G for initially establishing the connection with the cell, as well as in locations where 5G access is not available.[6]

5G can support up to a million devices per square kilometer, while 4G supports only up to 100,000 devices per square kilometer.[7][8]

Usage scenario Edit
The ITU-R has defined three main uses for 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).[9] Only eMBB is deployed in 2019; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most locations.

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE mobile broadband services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity

Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) refer to using the network for mission critical applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange.

Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of low power, low cost devices, which have high scalability and increased battery lifetime, in a wide area. 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices.[10] Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders.[10] Smart cities will monitor air and water quality through millions of sensors, giving them insights needed to provide a better quality of life.[10]Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection.[11] While remote surgeries have been performed over 5G, most remote surgery will be performed in facilities with a fiber connection, usually faster and more reliable than any wireless connection.

SPEED

Edit 5G speeds will range from ~50Mbit/s to over 2Gbit/s at the start, and is expected to grow to even 100Gbit/s, 100x faster than 4G.[12] The fastest 5G, known as mmWave, delivers speeds of up to and over 2Gbit/s. As of July 3, 2019, mmWave had a top speed of 1.8Gbit/s[13] on AT&T’s 5G network, much faster than 4G’s highest average speed of 85.8Mbit/s[14] on Verizon’s network in Chicago. The problem with this though is that it cannot go through walls, trees, etc. because of the high frequency.

Sub-6 GHz 5G (mid-band 5G), by far the most common, will usually deliver between 100 & 400 Mbit/s, but will have a much farther reach than mmWave, not being limited by walls, trees, and other obstacles which interfere with mmWave transmission.[13]

Low-band spectrum offers the farthest area coverage but is slower than the others, though still faster than 4G.

5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be slightly higher than the 4G with a similar amount of spectrum and antennas,[15][16] although some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4G networks, such as T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in Manhattan[17] and Chicago.[18] The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well, but LAA in 5G has not yet been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add hundreds of megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension of 4G, not a new part of the 5G standard.[17]

The similarity in terms of throughput between 4G and 5G in the existing bands is because 4G already approaches the Shannon limit on data communication rates. 5G speeds in the less common millimeter wave spectrum, with its much more abundant bandwidth and shorter range, and hence greater frequency reuseability, can be substantially higher.[19]

Standards

Initially, the term was associated with the International Telecommunication Union's IMT-2020 standard, which required a theoretical peak download speed of 20 gigabits per second and 10 gigabits per second upload speed, along with other requirements.[23] Then, the industry standards group 3GPP chose the 5G NR (New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal for submission to the IMT-2020 standard.[24][25]

The first phase of 3GPP 5G specifications in Release-15 is scheduled to complete in 2019. The second phase in Release-16 is due to be completed in 2020.[26]

5G NR can include lower frequencies (FR1), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (FR2), above 24 GHz. However, the speed and latency in early FR1 deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (non-standalone), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15 to 50% better.[27][28][29]

IEEE covers several areas of 5G with a core focus in wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on network architecture and dividing the connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU) being the NGFI-I (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried. 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format capable of carrying IQ data in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on the 3GPP definition of functional splits. Multiple network synchronization standards within the IEEE groups are being updated to ensure network timing accuracy at the RU is maintained to a level required for the traffic carried over it

5G Devices

In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association released the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device launches.[59] In it, the GSA identified 23 vendors who have confirmed the availability of forthcoming 5G devices with 33 different devices including regional variants. There were seven announced 5G device form factors: (telephones (×12 devices), hotspots (×4), indoor and outdoor customer-premises equipment (×8), modules (×5), Snap-on dongles and adapters (×2), and USB terminals (×1)).[60] By October 2019, the number of announced 5G devices had risen to 129, across 15 form factors, from 56 vendors.[61]

In the 5G IoT chipset arena, as of April 2019 there were four commercial 5G modem chipsets and one commercial processor/platform, with more launches expected in the near future.[62]

On March 6, 2020 the first ever all-5G smartphone Samsung Galaxy S20 was released. According to Business Insider, the 5G feature was showcased as more expensive in comparison with 46; the line up starts at US $1000, in comparison with Samsung Galaxy S10e which started at US $750.[63]

TECHNOLOGY

The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2 (mmWave),[179] each with different capabilities.

Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz) Edit
The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is around 3.5 GHz. The Korean carriers are using 3.5 GHz although some millimeter wave spectrum has also been allocated.

Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz) Edit
The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. In the U.S., Verizon is using 28 GHz and AT&T is using 39 GHz. 5G can use frequencies of up to 300 GHz.[180] The higher the frequency, the greater the ability to support high data transfer speeds without interfering with other wireless signals or becoming overly cluttered. Due to this, 5G can support approximately 1,000 more devices per meter than 4G.[181]

FR2 coverage Edit
5G in the 24 GHz range or above use higher frequencies than 4G, and as a result, some 5G signals are not capable of traveling large distances (over a few hundred meters), unlike 4G or lower frequency 5G signals (sub 6 GHz). This requires placing 5G base stations every few hundred meters in order to use higher frequency bands. Also, these higher frequency 5G signals cannot penetrate solid objects easily, such as cars, trees, and walls, because of the nature of these higher frequency electromagnetic waves. 5G cells can be deliberately designed to be as inconspicuous as possible, which finds applications in places like restaurants and shopping malls. [182]

Application

Automobiles Edit
5G Automotive Association have been promoting the C-V2X communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and communication between vehicles and infrastructures, leading to increase in autonomous (self-driving) cars and IOT (Internet of Things).[278]

Auto industry experts believe that the incorporation of 5G technology in upcoming self-driving cars will be vital in helping autonomous cars realize their full potential (Llanasas, 2019). The speed of this technology will enhance the capabilities of autonomous vehicles whiles making them effective at the same time (Llanasas, 2019). For instance, the current 4G network doesn't possess the required speed needed to provide self-driving vehicles that could prevent catastrophic accidents (Llanasas, 2019).[279]

Public safety Edit

Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G.[280]

Healthcare Edit

The Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) aspect of 5G could improve telehealth, remote patient monitoring and remote surgery for patients or medical facilities with less access to existing high-speed networks.[281][unreliable source?]

Fixed wireless Edit

Fixed wireless connections intended to replace fixed line broadband (ADSL, VDSL, Fiber optic, and DOCSIS connections) with 5G connections.[282][283][284]

Smart Home Edit

5G is leveraged by the smart home concept, which is an automated home equipped with lighting, heating, or other electronic devices that can be controlled remotely by smartphone or computer. Compared to existing wireless technologies such as WLAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee, Z-Wave, and other such technologies, 5G will contribute to the success of smart homes by providing reliable and user-friendly connections to devices with various performance requirements.[285]

References Edit

^ Ray, Neville (June 18, 2018). › file "FCC testimony Neville Ray" Check |url= value (help). FCC.gov.
^ "Preparing the ground for IMT-2020". www.3gpp.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
^ Rappaport, T.S.; Sun, Shu; Mayzus, R.; Zhao, Hang; Azar, Y.; Wang, K.; Wong, G.N.; Schulz, J.K.; Samimi, M. (January 1, 2013). "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!". IEEE Access. 1: 335–349. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813. ISSN 2169-3536.
^ a b c Nordrum, Amy; Clark, Kristen (January 27, 2017). "Everything you need to know about 5G". IEEE Spectrum magazine. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ Hoffman, Chris (January 7, 2019). "What is 5G, and how fast will it be?". How-To Geek website. How-To Geek LLC. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ Segan, Sascha (December 14, 2018). "What is 5G?". PC Magazine online. Ziff-Davis. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ Shatrughan Singh (March 16, 2018). "Eight Reasons Why 5G Is Better Than 4G". Altran. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
^ Forum, C. L. X. (June 13, 2019). "1 Million IoT Devices per Square Km- Are We Ready for the 5G Transformation?". Medium. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
^ "5G—It's Not Here Yet, But Closer Than You Think". October 31, 2017. Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
^ a b c "Intel Accelerates the Future with World's First Global 5G Modem". Intel Newsroom. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2019.

5G very important for uss

Thnks for reading