Nightshade — Fasahar Near Protocol ta yin sharding

Mai karatu ina so kayi tunanin kitchen da ma’aikata a gidan abinci suna aiki akan order guda, suna da ma’aikata da yawa amma basa iya fara sabuwar order sai sun gama guda ɗaya. Kafin su gama girka abinci guda ɗaya zai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo.

Wannan misali ne na abinda yake faruwa a blockchain a da.

Validators suna processing ɗin transactions a ɗaya bayan ɗaya wanda hakan yana kawo rashin sauri kuma yana ƙara yawan gas fee. Ana tara transactions da yawa kuma idan kana son naka yayi sauri, sai ka biya gas fee mai yawa.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafita da aka samu shine sharding kuma near protocol suna assasa hakan ne da fasahar nightshade-, wadda take processing transactions wajen 10,000 a sakan ɗaya.

Menene Sharding?

Kaman yadda na fahimtar daku a farko, validators a kan blockchain suna processing ɗin transactions ɗaya bayan ɗaya wanda hakan yana kawo cushewar network. Idan yawan transactions ya ƙaru, haka ma yawan data ɗinda za’a ajiye na wannan transactions ya kan ƙaru. Toh ta yaya sharding yake magance wannan matsalar ?

Sharding wata hanya ce ta rarraba aiki mai nauyi zuwa kananan ayyuka, wanda yake bawa mutane da yawa damar yin aikin mai yawa a lokaci guda. Shardin yakan raba ayyukan zuwa shards sannan ya rabawa validators wadannan shards din domin processing. Da zaran anyi processing din wadannan shards din baki daya sai a hada su waje daya domin samun block.

Tangarda da aka samu a kan sharding

Shi blockchain fasaha ce wadda bata dade ba, haka ma fasahohin da suke gudanar dashi kamar su PoW, PoS, sharding da sauransu.

Abubuwa guda uku dake kawo tangarda wajen sharding sun hada da.

Tsare transactions da akeyi tsakanin shards: Misali ka turawa Alamin near guda 20. Tunda blockchain din ana raba shine zuwa kanana, akwai abubuwan da zasu iya faruwa.

- Idan account dinka da na Alamin yana cikin shard daya, nodes zasu kammala transactions dinku a lokaci daya da kansu.

- Idan kuma a shards daban daban suke, toh ta yaya za’a san cewa node na farko da na biyu sun gama processing din transactions dinsu?

- Ana iya cire maka near daga wallet dinka kuma basu je kan wallet din Alamin ba. Sannan tunda shards suna processing din transactions dayawa a lokaci daya, transactions biyu suna iya hadewa a waje daya.

Misali a ce kana da near 40 a wallet dinka kuma ka tura wa Alamin da guda 20 sannan ka tura wa Sagir guda 10.

Ya kamata a ce

1. Account dinka ya ragu da near 20
2. Account din Alamin ya karu da near 20
3. Account din Sagir ya karu da near 10

Saboda sharding baya bukatar transaction daya ya gama kafin a fara wani toh duka transactions din zasu iya faruwa a lokcai daya kuma a cire maka near dinka ba tare da an tura wa Alamin ko Sagir ba.

Hana hacking: Duk da kasancewar ‘%51 attack’ abu ne wanda zai iya faruwa a blockchain, yana da wahala ace an samu %51 na na total supply na network guda tunda yawanci networks suna da total supply wanda yakan kai daruruwan miliyoyi kuma blockchain akwai matakai da yawa da aka dauka don hana wannan irin attack din. Amma shin ka san abunda yafi samun %51 na network? Samun koda %5 na wannan network.

Tunda sharding yana rarraba aiki ne zuwa kananan ayyuka su kuma validators sai a raba su sakamakon yawan shards, toh wanda yake son yin attacking din node zai iya yin attacking nodes guda 6 don samun shard guda daya.

Tabbatar da cewar akwai data availability wanda yake nufin validators suna da datar da zasu yi aiki kanta a ko wane lokaci.

Bayan an kammala processing na transactions a matsayin shards, ana shirya shards ne a maidashi block guda daya. Wannan block din yana kunshe da block header wanda a cikin block header akwai bayani na gaba daya transactions din da suke ciki. Sannan sai a wallafa wannan block header din wanda hakan yana saka sauri wajen tabbatar da ingancin wannan block din.

Abun tambaya a nan shine, ta yaya za’a tabbatar da wannan inganicin ?. Amsar ita ce ta wajen duba gaba daya nodes din. Toh amma akwai wata yar matsala. Node wanda bashi da gaskya yana iya kin sakin transaction din da yake a cikin shard dinsa. Sannan tunda ya ki sakin transaction dinsa zuwa ga ragowan nodes da suke kan network din, babu wata hanya da wadannan nodes din zasu tuhumi ingancin block din.

Wadannan matsaloli suka sa near protocol ta kirkiro fasahar nightshade.

Menene Nightshade?

Nightshade fasaha ce wadda take processing din transactions sama da 10,000 a cikin sakan daya ta hanyar amfani da sharding. Ta yaya suke samun wannan dama da kuma hana matsalolin da muka lissafa a baya ?

Nightshade tana raba ko wane block ne zuwa shards wanda ko wane shard yana fitar da data ne a hade waje daya wanda ake kira chunks da turanci. Wadannan chunks din sune suke kunshe da bayanai akan gaba daya transactions da aka yi a block daya.

Idan muka koma zuwa ga misalinmu na tura wa Alamin near 20. Kada a manta a misalin mu mun ce account dinmu da na Alamin suna kan shards daban daban.

Da nightshade, da zaran an kammala transaction dinka a shard (kuma a rage ka da near 20) to nodes din da suke kan wannan shard sin zasu maida wani bangare da transaction dinka zuwa ga abunda ake kira reciept.

Wannan receipt din shi za’a tura wa shard din da ke kunshe da account din Alamin, shi kuma wannan shard din sai ya tabbatar da ingancin transaction din a bangaren Alamin sannan ya kari account din shi da near 20. Wannan yana tabbatar da kammala transactions dinka.

Abu na gaba shine matsalar transactions masu faruwa a lokaci guda wanda a yanzu developers na near suna kan nemo hanyoyi na magance ta.

Karin bayani

Mai karatu shin ka lura cewa idan kana karanta rubutu da yaren da ka iya ba sai ka karanta gaba daya kalmomin da idonka ba amma kwakwalwarka tana iya gane abunda kake karantawa ?

Haka fasahar nightshade take itama, kamar yadda kwakwalwarka take iya cike wasu kalamai a cikin abunda kake karantawa shima nightshade yana amfani da fasar ‘erasure coding algorithm’ domin cike data din da babu a cikin shards.

Da erasure codinng, zaka iya raba data mai yawa zuwa kanana ta yadda wasu zasu iya hada wannan data din da amfani dashi ba tare da sanin abun da data din ya kunsa gabaki daya ba.

Ga yadda nightshade yake amfani da erasure coding algorithm.

- Validator din da ya kirkiro data zai raba ta zuwa kanan data

- Nightshade zai raba transaction din zuwa iya yawan validators din da suke kan network din. Misal akwai validators guda 100 a network to sai a raba chunks din zuwa gida 100 inda ko wane validator zai samu kashi daya.

- Validators zasu yaddasu kuma tabbatar da block idan har an basu nasu chunk din.

Idan har an samu sama da rabin validators din da suke kan network sun tabbatar da ingancin block, to wannan block din ya tabbata. Misali a ce akwai validators guda 100 a kan network kuma guda 30 basu da gaskya kuma sun ki sakin nasu chunk din, nightshade zai iya hada ragowar da iya data din da yake dashi wajen amfani da erasure coding algorithm ba sai ya samu gaba daya guda 100 ba.

Karshe

Nightshade ita ce fasaha ta farko da take processing din shards da yawa a lokaci guda. Duk da cewa akwai tangarda a kanta, nightshade yana daya daga cikin manyan fasahohi na yin sharding a duniya a yanzu kuma developers na near suna aiki tukuri domin kawo hanyoyin kara wa nightshade inganci.

Ku ci gaba da biyomu a shafenmu na X da Telegram domin samun bayanai a kan near protocol da fasahohin da ta kunsa.

A huta lafiya.