Systems — By definition, a system is a set of elements, concrete or abstract, intellectually organized. Humans are experts at identifying and replicating patterns, so we create systems for everything from the general organization of our society to turning on the stove to heat a pot. Each part of a system…

One-Way Functions — These are functions where a certain value of X is calculated Y, but from Y it is very difficult to calculate X. Example: Let’s say our O.W.F …