Paradigm Lost Footnotes
[1] This essay capitalizes the word “Power” to separate its use here from general understandings of strength, speed, size or energy. The specific notion of power used in this context means: the asymmetric use of words and actions in social relations, enabling a person or group to impose their will on others. See note 12 below.
[2] Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Kindle Edition, Chapter VII: Crisis and the Emergence of Scientific Theories.
[3] Matthew White, Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History (pp. 344, 370, 382, 397, 400, 422), W. W. Norton & Company, Kindle Edition: WWI death toll, 15 million; WWII death toll, 66 million; related (Russian/Soviet, Spanish, Greek and Turkish wars: appx. 20 million).
[4] http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/stories/2018/6/5b222c494/forced-displacement-record-685-million.html
[5] Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition (p. 498) including Map, Penguin Publishing Group, Kindle Edition: Our world society is presently on a non-sustainable course, and any of our 12 problems of non-sustainability that we have just summarized would suffice to limit our lifestyle within the next several decades. They are like time bombs with fuses of less than 50 years; https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/world/americas/brazil-amazon-fires-cowboys.html ; https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/11/04/forecasters-california-fire-season-could-last-into-december-expect-more-large-blazes/ ; https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/11/08/unprecedented-number-emergency-level-wildfires-scorch-eastern-australia/
[6] Screens (mobile only) https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html; web pages: https://searchengineland.com/googles-search-indexes-hits-130-trillion-pages-documents-263378
[7] Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, W. W. Norton & Company, Kindle Edition; Steve Case, The Third Wave: An Entrepreneur’s Vision of the Future, Simon & Schuster, Kindle Edition; Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Economic Forum, Kindle Edition; Joshua Cooper Ramo, The Seventh Sense: Power, Fortune, and Survival in the Age of Networks, Little, Brown and Company, Kindle Edition; Jacques Attali, A Brief History of the Future: A Brave and Controversial Look at the Twenty-First Century (p. 148), Arcade Publishing, Kindle Edition, The Fate of the Ninth Form.
[8] Luís M. A. Bettencourt, José Lobo, Dirk Helbing, Christian Kühnert, and Geoffrey B. West, Growth, Innovation, Scaling, and the Pace of Life in Cities, 2007, https://www.pnas.org/content/104/17/7301/: Figure 4: “Successive cycles of superlinear innovation reset the singularity and postpone instability and subsequent collapse.”; For a general discussion, see: Geoffrey West, Scale: op. cit., p. 31, “… the theory also predicts that unbounded growth cannot be sustained without having either infinite resources or inducing major paradigm shifts that ‘reset’ the clock before potential collapse occurs.”
[9] Robert B. Reich, Saving Capitalism: For the Many, Not the Few, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, Kindle Edition (Kindle location 1584): “… widening inequality has become baked into the building blocks of the ‘free market’ itself. Even without globalization and technological change, and even absent the tax breaks and subsidies, the share of total national income going to corporations and to the executives and investors whose incomes largely depend on corporate profits would still be rising relative to the share going to labor. The vicious cycle would achieve this on its own.”
[10] See: Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition, Free Press, Kindle Edition, Figure 1–2 (p. 11), The Diffusion Process, and (p. 23): “Most innovations have an S-shaped rate of adoption. But there is variation in the slope of the ‘S’ from innovation to innovation; some new ideas diffuse relatively rapidly, and the S-curve is quite steep.”; A Brief History of Ottoman Empire: http://umich.edu/~turkish/links/ottemp_brhist.html; Bejan1 and S. Lorente2, The Constructal Law Origin of the Logistics S Curve, Journal of Applied Physics 110, 024901 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3606555; also: Krebs, Ecology; the Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance pp. 188–190, and A. Tsoularis and J. Wallace, Analysis of Logistic Growth Models; for a general discussion, see Paul F. Nunes and Tim Breene, Jumping the S-Curve, Harvard Business Review Press, Kindle Edition (Kindle Location 1509–1868); Chapter 5, Hidden S-Curves; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025556402000962; Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma (Management of Innovation and Change), Harvard Business Review Press, Kindle Edition, esp. Kindle Loc. pp. 194–201: “…there is something about the way decisions get made in successful organizations that sows the seeds of eventual failure.”
[11] Geoffrey West, Scale: The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Organisms, Cities, Economies, and Companies (p. 14).
[12] Abraham H. Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation, Start Publishing, eBook edition, 2012, The Basic Needs, pp. 9–27.
[13] Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History (Royal Institute of International Affairs) (p. 377), Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition.
[15] Manuel Castells, The Power of Identity: 2 (Information Age Series), Wiley, Kindle Edition (Kindle Location 976): “Resistance identity: generated by those actors who are in positions/conditions devalued and/or stigmatized by the logic of domination…”; https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Session-6-Happiness-Paper-The-Geography-of-Desperation-in-America.pdf;
[16] See, e.g., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/07/books/review-antisocial-alt-right-online-extremists-andrew-marantz.html; Joan C. Williams, White Working Class, Harvard Business Review Press, Kindle Edition: “Professors who would never let a racist comment pass their lips openly embrace “the stereotype of the southern redneck as racist, sexist, alcoholic, ignorant, and lazy…redneck jokes may be the last acceptable ethnic slurs in ‘polite society,’ reports a Southern class migrant.”
[17] Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History: Abridgement of Volumes I-VI (Royal Institute of International Affairs) (p. 246), Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition: “We have seen, in fact, that when, in the history of any society, a creative minority degenerates into a dominant minority which attempts to retain by force a position that it has ceased to merit, this change in the character of the ruling element provokes, on the other side, the secession of a proletariat which no longer admires and imitates its rulers and revolts against its servitude.” Also see: Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1, Palatine Press, Kindle Edition (Kindle Location 1172); Works of Martin Luther, A. J. Holman Company, Philadelphia, Vol. IV, p. 34., quoted in Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (p. 301), Open Road Media, Kindle Edition; Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Illustrated); www.WealthOfNation.com, Kindle Edition, Chapter IX, That These Men, Who Were So Alike, Were More Divided Than They Had Ever Been, Each Into Small Groups Independent Of And Indifferent To The Others; Jackson Gabriel, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939 (Kindle Locations 491–493), Kindle Edition; and Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, Kindle Edition, (Kindle Location 594): “ Those with a large but threatened middle class, including family farmers, polarized against the Left and looked for new solutions.”
[18] See Mani Subramanian, Network Management: Principles and Practice (p. 601), Pearson India, Kindle Edition: 16.1.2 Status of Current NM Technology.
[19]https://www.ted.com/talks/claire_wardle_how_you_can_help_transform_the_internet_into_a_place_of_trust/details?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=email&utm_content=button__2019-10-24; for a fuller discussion, see Andrew Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World’s Greatest Encyclopedia (Kindle Locations 1628–1630), Hyperion, Kindle Edition: Chapter 5, Community At Work (The Piranha Effect).
[20] Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, W. W. Norton & Company, 2014, Chapter 10, The Biggest Winners: Stars and Superstars.
[21] Carl Benedikt Frey, The Technology Trap, Princeton University Press, Kindle Edition: “Replacing technologies render jobs and skills redundant. Enabling technologies, in contrast, make people more productive in existing tasks or create entirely new jobs for them.”
[22] See https://www.ft.com/content/5a8ab27e-d470-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77; also, The Economist: https://www.economist.com/briefing/2016/03/26/too-much-of-a-good-thing
[23]https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/06/06/walmart-turns-robots-its-human-workers-who-feel-like-machines/; https://www.axios.com/amazon-fulfillment-center-warehouse-baltimore-56aa0933-770d-40d0-8120-2ccb1a9f7240.html; https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/future%20of%20organizations/what%20the%20future%20of%20work%20will%20mean%20for%20jobs%20skills%20and%20wages/mgi-jobs-lost-jobs-gained-report-december-6-2017.ashx; “… today’s robots can work intelligently and safely alongside humans…. Successfully rethinking organizational design will ensure that work is not only more productive…but that it will become more meaningful and rewarding for people.”
[24] Sources: https://www.frbatlanta.org/~/media/Documents/research/seminars/2018/kambourov-091118.pdf; https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=SDD/DOC(2018)1&docLanguage=En https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/10/opinion/gabriel-zucman-paradise-papers-tax-evasion.html; Zucman, op. cit., Ch. 2: The Missing Wealth of Nations. The doubters include: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2019-02-19/nobel-laureate-romer-on-the-economics-of-higher-wealth-taxes-video; https://beta.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/06/28/be-very-skeptical-about-how-much-revenue-elizabeth-warrens-wealth-tax-could-generate/
[25] Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Why Nations Fail, The Crown Publishing Group, Kindle Edition, Ch 13: Why Nations Fail Today.
[26] Roger McNamee, Zucked (p. 241), Penguin Publishing Group, Kindle Edition: Chapter 13, The Future of Society.
[27] The Economist, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/11/15/the-next-capitalist-revolution; https://www.economist.com/briefing/2016/03/26/too-much-of-a-good-thing; https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/05/21/the-rise-of-corporate-market-power/
[28] Before trade politics forced an alignment with the US’s Bush Administration, EU antitrust looked beyond the mirage of low headline prices to understand network and information asymmetries, market access constraints and the integrity of producer markets and cultural diversity. See: https://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpn/2004_special_edition.pdf
[30] https://beta.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/05/how-apple-uses-its-app-store-copy-best-ideas/
[31] https://economics.mit.edu/files/10667
[32] https://www.nber.org/papers/w18250
[33] Parag Khanna, Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization, Random House Publishing Group, Kindle Edition (Kindle Location 6969): Beyond The Fifty States: America’s Next Map.
[34] Southern Europe: https://www.ft.com/content/1fca3d08-ce58-11e9-99a4-b5ded7a7fe3f; US. Midwest: https://venturebeat.com/2018/07/08/universities-and-legacy-industries-are-giving-rise-to-the-midwests-ai-startups/; https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesmarketplace/2018/02/21/meet-8-tech-companies-proving-theres-more-to-the-midwest/#7094de7a18cb
[35] Steven H. Strogatz, Sync: How Order Emerges from Chaos in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life (p. 263), Hachette Books, Kindle Edition: Unanticipated forms of collective behavior emerge that are not obvious from the properties of the individuals themselves; Richard Rumelt, Good Strategy Bad Strategy (p. 96), The Crown Publishing Group, Kindle Edition: “ A good strategy draws power from focusing minds, energy, and action. That focus, channeled at the right moment onto a pivotal objective, can produce a cascade of favorable outcomes. I call this source of power leverage.”
[36]https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Ending+the+Stranglehold+of+Health+Care+Costs+on+American+Families&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
[37] https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/sep/22/labour-delegates-vote-in-favour-of-abolishing-private-schools; https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/30/labours-plan-for-private-schools-based-on-desire-to-damage;
[38]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5730700/; https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312888.php#alternatives
[39] Ecosystem Ecology (p. 26), Elsevier Science. Kindle Edition, Ecosystem-Based Management; Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (p. 228), Beacon Press, Kindle Edition: Chapter 5, Revolution from Above: The Response of the Ruling Classes to Old and New Threat.
[40] Also: Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, The Crown Publishing Group, Kindle Edition, Chapter 6.
Drifting Apart, How Venice Became A Museum
[41] http://en.people.cn/dengxp/vol3/text/c1220.html; https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-06-11/world-safe-autocracy
[42] Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, The Narrow Corridor (p. 492), Penguin Publishing Group, Kindle Edition: “ It is not just difficult to create a Shackled Leviathan. It also takes hard work to live with it.”: Ch. 11, The Virtuous Circle (p. 308): “The logic of virtuous circles stems partly from the fact that inclusive institutions are based on constraints on the exercise of power and on a pluralistic distribution of political power in society, enshrined in the rule of law.”
[43] Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Kindle Edition, Kindle Location 2287, also locations 970–971: “X-rays, to be sure, opened up a new field and thus added to the potential domain of normal science. But they also, and this is now the more important point, changed fields that had already existed.”
[44] Geoffrey West, Scale: The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Organisms, Cities, Economies, and Companies (p. 412), Penguin Publishing Group, Kindle Edition.
[45] Eckhart Tolle, A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose (p. 20), Penguin Publishing Group, Kindle Edition.
[46] Duncan J. Watts, Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age (p. 301), W. W. Norton & Company, Kindle Edition.
[47] New American Bible, Galatians 5:14–15.
