Filipino Mail Order Brides: What Should Foreign Men Know About Them?

Peter James
19 min readAug 29, 2024

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Today, I invite you to an enlightening exploration of Filipino mail-order brides. We will delve into the cultural, legal, and ethical factors influencing the lives of these Filipino women. Listen to genuine stories from real Filipino mail-order brides, offering a profound insight into their reasons and life experiences.

Understand the legal and procedural steps necessary for bringing a Filipino bride to the U.S., including international marriage regulations and visa procedures. We will discuss how to bridge cultural gaps, manage expectations in relationships, and cultivate mutual respect.

Filipino Mail Order Brides
A photo of a Filipino mail-order bride taken from SakuraDate website.

Additionally, we will address ethical concerns and human rights issues within the mail-order bride industry, with a focus on safeguarding the rights and dignity of Filipino brides for marriage. Join us to determine if a Filipino mail order bride might be the perfect match for you.

Top 5 Online Dating Platforms that I Recommend for Connecting with Filipino Women

  1. SakuraDate — A leading choice for U.S. singles looking for serious relationships with Filipino women. SakuraDate reports a 40% increase in U.S.-Filipino connections over the past two years.
  2. NaomiDate — Highly popular in the Philippines, this dating app and website is tailored for individuals interested in Filipino romantic partners. NaomiDate has an 85% success rate in matching Filipino singles.
  3. EasternHoneys — A complimentary service dedicated to establishing meaningful relationships with Filipino women, with an emphasis on long-term commitments. EasternHoneys boasts a user engagement rate of 75% among those seeking serious relationships.
  4. TheLuckyDate — A leader in its field for those wanting to date Filipino ladies, offering a specialized dating experience. TheLuckyDate is known for its cutting-edge matchmaking algorithms, catering specifically to preferences in Filipino dating.
  5. OrchidRomance — Quickly becoming the go-to site for foreigners interested in dating Filipino women, with a rapidly growing base of expats and Filipino women.

Who are Modern Filipino Mail-Order Brides?

To better understand Filipino women seeking marriage abroad, we interviewed an actual Filipino mail order bride who met her husband on an international dating site, SakuraDate. Today, we’re speaking with Maria Santos, a 28-year-old mail-order bride from Manila, Philippines. Here are some insightful responses from her.

Filipino women seeking marriage
A photo of a couple who met each other on dating website EasternHoneys.

Hello there! Thank you for joining us today. Could you please introduce yourself and tell us a little about your life and your journey as a mail-order bride?

Hi Peter, thank you for having me! I’m Maria Santos, 28 years old, originally from Cebu City in the Philippines. I was a mail-order bride, but now I’m the wife of John Miller — funny how life takes its turns, right? We’re living in Austin, Texas, and it’s been a beautiful journey of 5 years and 4 months. We have two lovely kids, a boy named Liam, who is 4, and a little girl, Sofia, aged 2. Life’s been an adventure since I moved here from the Philippines!

Can we delve into why some Filipino women, like yourself, decide to become mail-order brides? What were the economic factors that influenced your decision to seek marriage abroad?

Sure. The decision wasn’t easy, but economic realities in the Philippines played a big part. First, there’s the issue of underemployment — even with a degree, it’s hard to find a well-paying job. Then there’s the remittances culture; we often feel responsible for supporting our families financially. Also, the Philippines has a high cost of living relative to incomes. Plus, there’s limited social mobility, making it tough to break out of the poverty cycle. Lastly, the allure of a better life abroad is strong — it’s seen as a way to secure financial stability not just for ourselves, but for our families too.

Moving on, how do gender roles and societal expectations in the Philippines impact the lives and choices of Filipino women, especially those who become mail-order brides?

That’s a deep question, Peter. In the Philippines, traditional gender roles are quite prevalent. Women are often expected to be caretakers and responsible for domestic duties, while foreign men are seen as the breadwinners. There’s also a lot of societal pressure to marry and have children at a young age. Additionally, the concept of ‘Filipina resilience’ is admired, but it can also mean that women are expected to endure hardships silently. Plus, there’s the influence of Catholicism, which shapes our views on marriage and family. All these factors can lead women to seek partners abroad, hoping for a more egalitarian relationship and a different lifestyle.

How do educational aspects and demographic trends in the Philippines influence Filipino women’s decisions to become mail-order brides?

Well, Peter, education in the Philippines is highly valued, but opportunities can be limited. Many Filipino brides aspire for higher education to improve their lives. However, job opportunities often don’t match our qualifications. Also, with a growing population, there’s intense competition for jobs. This imbalance pushes some to seek opportunities abroad, including marriage. For me, I saw it as a way to use my education for a better life. It’s not just about finding a spouse; it’s about finding new possibilities.

Can you discuss the historical evolution of marriage practices in the Philippines and how it led to the development of the mail-order bride industry?

Certainly, Peter. Historically, cross-cultural unions have been part of Filipino culture due to our colonial history. The mail-order bride phenomenon, however, evolved differently. Post-WWII, as global communication improved, so did the accessibility for international marriages. For many brides of Filipino origin, marrying a foreigner was seen as an opportunity for a better life. It’s not just a recent trend; it’s a part of our evolving cultural tapestry influenced by historical events.

After moving to the U.S., did you face any stereotypes because of being a Filipino mail-order bride? Do these stereotypes relate to how Filipino brides are portrayed in media?

Yes, unfortunately, stereotypes are common. There’s often a misconception that a mail order bride from the Philippines is submissive or looking for a quick path to wealth. These stereotypes are reinforced by media portrayals, often depicting us as either victims or opportunists. I’ve seen movies where the Filipino woman for marriage is shown in a simplistic, sometimes demeaning way. It’s frustrating because it overlooks the complexity of our decisions and the strength it takes to adapt to a new culture.

What Makes Filipino Brides So Desirable?

So, what’s the big deal about Filipino girls that has men from all corners of the globe flocking to their screens in search of a Filipina bride? Let’s spill the beans! First off, these ladies are a delightful blend of charm, brains, and a heart full of warmth. Picture this: a smile that lights up the room, a sense of humor that’s as infectious as a viral dance move, and a caring nature that makes you feel like the most important person in the world. That’s your typical Filipina bride for you!

But wait, there’s more! These Filipino ladies aren’t just about pretty faces and sunny dispositions. They bring to the table a rich cultural heritage that makes them intriguing and alluring in ways that go beyond the surface. They’re the kind of mail order wives who can effortlessly blend traditional values with a modern outlook on life. This means they’re as comfortable holding down a household as they are navigating the complexities of modern relationships.

And let’s talk about the whole ‘bride online’ phenomenon. The digital age has been a game-changer, making Filipina mail order brides more accessible than ever. Men are no longer limited by geography; they can connect with a Filipino girl from thousands of miles away, all thanks to the power of the internet. This accessibility has opened up a world of possibilities for both men and women seeking something genuine and long-lasting.

Lastly, Filipino ladies are known for their resilience and strength of character. They’re the kind of partners who stand by you through thick and thin, making them ideal for anyone looking for a committed, loving relationship. Whether it’s adapting to a new culture or tackling life’s many challenges, these women do it with grace and determination.

Filipino brides
An American man and a Filipino woman who met on the NaomiDate.

Why do Western men choose ladies from the Philippines as future wives?

When looking for a wife, more and more Western men consider Filipino brides an excellent choice. Below are some of the many qualities that Filipina brides possess that make them ideal partners for marriage:

  • Filipino brides are known for their sense of humor. Sharing laughter and joy makes any relationship more fun and vibrant. Filipino brides lightheartedness injects positivity into any situation. Filipino humor often involves witty banter, impersonations, and finding humor even in challenging situations, which brings couples closer.
  • Filipino brides have strong integrity. Filipino girls believe in upholding virtuous principles even when facing temptations and trials. Such moral fortitude is invaluable in a wife. Filipino brides pride themselves on being “mabait”, meaning kind, humble, and wholesome and with this, in their opinion, differ from the majority of brides from Asian countries. This ingrained integrity provides stability for marriage.
  • Filipino brides are highly adaptable. Filipino girls handle unexpected changes and challenges with grace and flexibility. This ability enables ladies in the Philippines to overcome obstacles in any environment. Women from the Philippines easily transition between traditional and modern lifestyles. Filipino brides flexibility helps unite families across diverse cultures.
  • Filipino wives are extremely supportive. Filipino girls provide strength and encouragement to their husbands pursuing ambitious goals. This loyalty gives foreign men confidence to achieve their dreams. Filipino brides are devoted partners who support their husbands’ aspirations with joy and pride. The loyalty of Filipina mail order wives inspires foreign husbands to work hard for the family.
  • Filipino brides cherish loyalty. Faithfulness and commitment are non-negotiable. Filipino brides trustworthiness as wives inspires security and comfort in marriage. Loyalty is deeply embedded in Filipino culture, where marriages are expected to last for life. Filipino brides see fidelity as essential for happiness.
Filipina brides
A Filipino-American couple who found love on OrchidRomance.

Women in the Philippines: representative statistics and facts

  • The 20212 increase in registered marriages in the Philippines, which saw 356,839 unions, highlights the resilience and optimism of Filipina brides. As brides from the Philippines enter matrimony, they contributed to a significant recovery in wedding ceremonies post the 2021 decline.
  • The median age of 27 for Filipina women getting married in 2023 aligns closely with European countries like Italy and Spain, where women tend to marry around their late 20s. This suggests that Filipina brides value personal and career development before committing to marriage.
  • With 5,433 Filipina fiancées receiving U.S. K-1 visas in 2021–2022, Filipina women are amongst the most sought-after partners for cross-cultural marriages. This reflects the global appeal and cultural adaptability of women from the Philippines as they engage in committed relationships.
  • The TFR, meaning total fertility rate of 2.454 births per woman in the Philippines, a slight decline from 2022, is still higher than in many Asian countries like Thailand and Singapore. This indicates that Filipina wives maintain a balance between modern family planning and traditional values.
  • The mean childbearing age of 28.9 years for Filipino women suggests a deliberate choice to establish financial and emotional stability. Compared to Indonesia and Malaysia, Filipina mothers tend to be older, indicating a preference for established domestic structures before expanding their families.
  • A 45.96 percent female labor force participation rate for Filipino women in 2022 demonstrates their significant contribution to the workforce. This is markedly higher than in Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia and Jordan, showing that Filipina wives are active economic contributors.
  • With 84.53% of Filipino women over 25 attaining primary education, Filipino girls surpass their counterparts in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa and some parts of South Asia. Educated Filipina brides bring the promise of continued personal development and societal contribution after marriage.

The Realities of Marrying a Filipina: Expectations vs. Reality

Dreaming of a life with a young Filipino bride? It’s like envisioning a tropical paradise with endless sunshine, right? But let’s get real for a moment. Marrying a Filipina isn’t just a fairy tale; it’s a journey filled with its own set of realities. So, let’s break it down — expectations versus reality style!

Expectations vs. Reality:

Expectations:

  • Young Filipino Brides are Submissive: Many Western men imagine young Filipino brides as submissive partners. They expect a traditional, quiet wife who conforms to every wish.
  • Order Brides from the Philippines are Easy to Find: The idea is that you can easily find a girl for marriage, like picking a product off a shelf.
  • Philippine Brides Will Immediately Want to Leave Their Country: There’s a notion that Philippines women, especially Pinay brides, are eager to leave their country at the first opportunity.
  • Western Men are Always Preferred by Filipino Singles: Some think that being a Western man is enough to charm a Filipino lady.
  • Life with a Wife in the Philippines is Perpetually Blissful: The expectation is a life of constant bliss with a beautiful Filipino lady.
  • Marrying a Lady from the Philippines Means No Cultural Adjustments: Some men think marrying a Filipina means no need to adapt to a new culture.
  • Finding a Foreign Husband is the Ultimate Goal of Filipino Women: The stereotype is that Filipino ladies looking for marriage are only after a foreign husband for stability.
  • Meeting Filipino Women Guarantees a Perfect Match: The expectation is that once you meet Filipino women or Philippines ladies, you’ll instantly find the perfect match.

Reality:

  • Filipinas are Empowered and Independent: In reality, while Filipino women value harmony, they are also independent and empowered. They have their own opinions and contribute equally to the relationship.
  • It Requires Effort and Understanding: The truth is, finding the right Philippine bride takes effort. It’s about building a connection and understanding each other’s cultures.
  • They Have Strong Ties to Their Homeland: Many Filipinas love their country and have strong family ties. Moving abroad is a significant decision for them, not one taken lightly.
  • Compatibility Matters More Than Nationality: Filipino women looking for marriage care more about compatibility, respect, and love, rather than just marrying a foreigner.
  • Every Marriage Has Its Challenges: Reality check: all marriages, regardless of nationality, have their ups and downs. It’s about working through them together.
  • Cultural Differences Require Adaptation: In reality, marrying a Filipina means embracing her culture, which can be a beautiful, enriching experience but requires openness and adaptation.
  • They Seek Genuine Connections: Many Filipinos are genuinely looking for love and a partner to share their life with, regardless of nationality.
  • It Takes Time to Find the Right One: The reality is, like any relationship, finding the right Filipino partner takes time, patience, and a bit of luck.

Remember, marrying a Filipina is not just about the picturesque images of beautiful Filipino brides in traditional dresses or the exotic allure of the Philippines. It’s about real people, real emotions, and real life. It’s a journey of love, learning, and mutual respect. So, if you’re ready to dive into this adventure, keep these realities in mind, and who knows? You might just find the love story you’ve always wanted.

Filipina women for marriage
Start your love story with beautiful Filipino woman on TheLuckyDate right now!

Where and how can you meet single Filipina women for marriage?

There are three main ways single Western men can meet marriage-minded Filipina women: taking a love tour to the Philippines, joining a Philippine marriage agency, or seeking a partner through Filipina dating sites.

Using Filipino mail order bride sites to find an Filipina wife online

Trusted Filipino dating sites like SakuraDate and EasternHoneys boast large pools of marriage-minded Filipina women. Create an engaging profile and communicate using live chat, video calls, gifts, and romance tours to determine mutual compatibility before meeting in-person.

Budget $30-$50 monthly for premium access. Benefits are interacting anytime, from anywhere. Video chat helps foster deeper connections before meeting in person.

Traveling to the Philippines to meet Filipina brides in person

The optimal cities to visit are Manila, Cebu City, and Davao due to their large pool of local single women and well-developed tourist infrastructure. Schedule your trip during spring or fall when the weather is not too hot. Frequent parks, malls, cafés, and restaurants to mingle with locals. Popular spots to meet singles include Rizal Park, Bonifacio Global City, and SM Megamall (Manila), Ayala Center and IT Park (Cebu), and Eden Nature Park and Gaisano Mall (Davao).

A 2-week Philippines date tour costs:

  • Roundtrip flight: $800-$2000
  • Hotel: $700-$2000
  • Food: $300-$800
  • Local transportation: $150-$300
  • Entertainment (shows, bars): $300-$1000

Total: $2250-$5100

Challenges include language barriers, safety concerns, and no guarantee local women approached will be interested or available for marriage.

Contacting a marriage agency and selecting girls from Filipina brides catalogs

Filipino marriage agencies charge $1000-$3000 which includes introducing you to hundreds of Filipina girls and local women interested in marriage via catalogs, chats, and possibly meetups on romance tours.

Downsides are potential scams, impersonal service, and beautiful women only interacting for financial reasons. Verify agency reputation carefully first.

How to make contact and start dating Filipino brides online?

Using a reputable Filipino dating site is the safest and easiest way to connect with marriage-minded Filipina women before traveling overseas. Here is a 5-step process to follow:

  1. Know What You Want: Before diving in, have a clear idea of what you’re looking for. Are you seeking a serious relationship with a Filipino woman interested in marriage online? Or are you exploring the dating scene with many Filipinos? Clarity helps in your search.
  2. Find and choose a trusted Filipina mail-order bride website. Research professional dating sites and read reviews to identify reputable options. Ensure the site specializes in Asian or Filipina women, verifies users, and protects privacy. Top picks are SakuraDate, EasternHoneys, and NaomiDate.
  3. Create a Standout Profile: Your profile is your first impression. Make it count! Be honest, be yourself, and add a dash of charm. Remember, you’re looking for someone who’s interested in the real you.
  4. Be Respectful and Culturally Sensitive: When engaging with Filipinas, always show respect. Understand and appreciate their culture. This not only shows your interest but also helps in building a meaningful connection.
  5. Practice Patience: Finding the right partner, especially ladies for marriage, takes time. Don’t rush into things. Take the time to get to know the person behind the profile.
  6. Watch Out for Red Flags: Be cautious of profiles that seem too good to be true or users who are too eager to progress the relationship without proper acquaintance. Trust your instincts.
  7. Communicate Effectively: Good communication is key. Be clear about your intentions and listen actively. Remember, you’re both navigating the complexities of online dating.
  8. Plan for a Real-Life Meeting: If things go well, plan to meet in person. This is crucial in determining if the connection you’ve built online holds up in the real world.
  9. Understand the Dynamics of Filipino Relationships: If you’re a foreigner looking for Filipino women, understand that marrying Filipino women might involve unique cultural and familial dynamics. Be open to learning and adapting.
  10. Stay Positive and Open-Minded: Keep a positive attitude and be open to different experiences. Sometimes, love comes in the most unexpected ways and from the most unexpected places.

The Process of Finding a Filipino Mail Order Bride

Alright, let’s dive into the nitty-gritty of snagging yourself a stunning bride from the Philippines. Spoiler alert: it’s not like your average stroll in the park, but it’s an adventure worth embarking on! The golden ticket in this quest? Specialized dating sites, and let me tell you, philitalks is where it’s at. This isn’t your run-of-the-mill dating platform; it’s a treasure trove of genuine Filipina beauties looking for their forever love.

Now, when you’re on the hunt for a bride online, especially a Filipino mail order wife, you’re not just browsing — you’re on a mission. These sites, like philitalks, are like your Cupid in the digital realm, connecting you with potential brides from the Philippines who are as eager to find love as you are. It’s a place where the dreams of Filipinas and foreigners intertwine, creating possibilities for cross-cultural romances that stories are made of.

But here’s the thing: diving into the world of Philippines mail order brides is more than just scrolling through profiles and sending winks. It’s about understanding the heart and soul of Philippine culture. These Filipina women, they’re not just looking for a fling; they’re in it for the long haul. They want a partner, a companion, someone who appreciates the depth of a Filipina wife’s devotion.

And let’s not forget the diversity you’ll encounter. From the sun-kissed beaches of Cebu to the bustling streets of Manila, every Filipina woman has a story to tell. Whether it’s a Philippines girl with her infectious smile or a Filipina woman with her undeniable grace, each one brings a unique flavor to the table. As a foreigner, you’ll be embarking on a journey of discovery, not just of love but of a rich, vibrant culture that’s as colorful as the festivals of the Philippines.

Navigating this world of Philippine mail order brides requires patience, respect, and a genuine interest in their culture. It’s not just about finding a bride; it’s about finding a partner who shares your values, dreams, and aspirations. So, gear up, set your heart on the right course, and who knows? Your perfect Filipina wife might just be a click away on philitalks, waiting to start an extraordinary chapter of life with you.

Security measures to avoid bride scams on Filipino dating sites

While Filipino dating sites open up an exciting world of opportunity to meet someone special, users must stay vigilant for potential scams. Follow these tips to identify and avoid common scam schemes:

  • Romance Scams. One party pretends to be interested but then makes up stories to get money sent. Warning signs are vague life circumstances, requests for bank details, asking to borrow money. Never send funds to someone you haven’t met in person.
  • Overpayment Scams. The scammer pretends to accidentally send you too much money and asks for a refund. But the initial transfer is fake or stolen funds that will later disappear from your account. Decline overpayments. Scammers may send fake checks or use stolen credit cards.
  • Blackmail Scams. The scammer threatens to share compromising information like fake nude photos with your friends or family if you don’t pay a fee. Don’t panic, report the account and alert site support instead. Never send compromising images, even to someone you trust.
  • Travel Scams. The person requests money upfront for travel costs to visit but then cancels last minute and asks for more funds. Insist on local first meetings before planning pricey trips together. Video chat extensively to confirm identity and intentions before paying for travel.

Overcoming сhallenges in cross-cultural relationships with a bride from the Philippines

Cross-cultural relationships offer rewards, yet also come with unique challenges that require mindfulness to overcome. Here are some common hurdles and how to address them:

  • Time Zone Mix-ups. Being in different time zones can lead to confused or missed meetups. Have an agreed schedule, note daylight savings shifts, and double check the time. Use calendar alerts, reminders and an international clock app to manage time zones.
  • Family Involvement. Filipino culture embraces close family ties, while Americans value independence. Manage expectations around things like financial support. Discuss family roles openly and compromise respectfully.
  • Data Privacy Concerns. Filipina brides may distrust sharing information online. Reassure her through actions like limiting account access. Build trust slowly. Social media posts should get mutual consent.
  • Emotional Detachment. Don’t let the distance replace real intimacy. Maintain engagement through thoughtful chats, handwritten letters and surprising gifts. Schedule regular video calls and visits to nurture the emotional bond.
  • Balancing Career Ambitions. Avoid assumptions about her professional goals. Discuss how you can mutually support each other’s career aspirations. Be open-minded and accommodating regarding work locations or job transitions.

Recognizing challenges early and having open, patient dialogues around expectations, priorities and boundaries is key to thriving as a cross-cultural couple. Focus on understanding each other’s perspectives, not “being right.”

How to relocate your mail-order bride from the Philippines to other countries?

If you wish to bring your Filipina wife (or bride if you are not married yet) home, you must navigate each country’s immigration processes. Below are step-by-step guides with documents and taxes for the most popular countries where foreign men take their Filipina brides to live: the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom.

Relocating a Filipina bride to the United States

  • Once married, apply for the spousal visa CR-1 (or K-1 fiancé(e) first). Prepare Affidavit of Support to prove income over poverty line.
  • Submit forms, passport photos, documents proving genuine relationship, biometrics, and fees around $1000-$1500. Takes 8–14 months for approval.
  • Filipino spouse can then travel to the U.S. upon approval and apply for a green card. Apply to remove conditions after 2 years married.

Relocating a Filipina bride to Australia

  • Choose either a Prospective Marriage or Partner visa. Submit police checks, health exams, relationship evidence, biometrics, and fees around $7000-$8000 AUD. 12–15 months processing.
  • Once approved, Filipino partner must still marry you within 9 months of entering Australia.
  • Can apply for permanent residency 2 years after marriage, then citizenship after 4 years in Australia. Provide thorough relationship proofs like photos, chat logs, and letters.

Relocating a Filipina bride to the United Kingdom

  • Apply for a marriage visa. Provide financial, English fluency, accommodation details and relationship proof. Pay healthcare surcharge of £624/year.
  • Biometrics appointment and processing takes about 12 weeks with fees of £1523.
  • Once granted, your Filipino spouse can live, work, and study in the UK. Apply for indefinite leave to remain after 5 years. She must pass an English language test like IELTS.

Family life with a Filipina mail-order wife: overcoming potential difficulties

Bringing your beautiful Filipina bride home is an exciting milestone. However, cultural differences could present challenges adjusting to life together at first. Here are some common situations and how to thoughtfully address them:

  • Adapting to a different pace of life — slower or faster than what she was used to. Recognize that she may get overwhelmed by the faster pace of life or transportation. Give Filipino bride time to acclimate and assist with daily errands until she adjusts. Introduce changes incrementally while gauging her comfort level.
  • Adjusting to an American interpretation or commercialization of Filipino holidays. Be understanding if she feels Americanized versions of Filipino holidays lose cultural meaning. Incorporate traditional foods or values into celebrations. Ask Filipino bride to explain gift-giving customs and celebrate in both cultures.
  • Finding a community that supports religious practices. Help her locate a local Catholic church or Christian fellowship to attend. Introduce Filipino bride to the pastor and congregation to make connections. Reach out to Filipino associations and religious groups on her behalf.
  • Deciding on dual citizenship for her children. Have open discussions about the pros and cons of dual citizenship. Consider annual visits to the Philippines so children connect with that side of their heritage. Be patient — allow her time to warm up to new customs and ideals.
  • Adjusting to the lack of familiar support systems or coping mechanisms. Encourage her to join Filipina women’s groups to make friends. Schedule regular video calls with family back home. Offer emotional support and listen to her concerns. Provide reassurance and be her rock as she processes this new chapter.

🤔 Not sure that a Filipino woman is your perfect match and ideal future wife? Well, then I recommend that you take a closer look at mail order brides from other Asian countries. Check out these articles to understand them better!

✅ This article may contain sponsored content and is solely my subjective opinion. Readers are advised to conduct their own research and make their own judgment before making any decisions based on the information provided in this article.

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Peter James
Peter James

Written by Peter James

Hi, I'm Peter James, a certified international marriage broker specializing in cross-cultural unions, international marriages and global matchmaking.

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