As conspiracy theories go, the assassination of John F. Kennedy had long been the subject of intense debate.

It wasn’t until the release of the Zapruder 8mm film documenting the assassination that Americans came to terms with the reality that Lee Harvey Oswald couldn’t have assassinated Kennedy. Three shots from a bolt action rifle with just a plain sight in 6.2 seconds was impossible.

The Zapruder film clearly showed that Kennedy was hit by three shots; the first at the throat, the second in the chest and the fatal shot at the back of the head.

There had largely been a cover-up of the assassination. The military industrial complex, the CIA and the Mafia all played varying roles but it was clear that Kennedy’s reluctance in getting the US heavily involved in the war against Communism in Southeast Asia and Latin America were the primary reasons why he had to be put out of the way.

This was the first and last overt coup d’etat in the history of the United States and most Americans act as if it didn’t happen. Never mind that his brother, Robert, suffered the same fate. At least Robert hadn’t won the Presidency yet.

The assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 had triggered protests against the administration of Ferdinand Marcos. Marcos’ health was failing because of lupus and he had undergone kidney transplant surgery twice in a bid to keep him alive.

There is no known cure for lupus up to this day but the medication prescribed to control the occasional flare-ups leads to the deterioration of kidney function. Marcos probably developed the condition earlier and had been under medication until his kidneys started to fail. Transplant and dialysis technology were in its first staged then. Marcos had no choice because he wasn’t ready to step down yet.

Ninoy Aquino developed a weight problem once he was past the age of 30. His normally trim build became bloated after he was elected Senator in 1967. Five years later, upon the declaration of martial law, he would be arrested and detained for a total of eight years before being allowed to leave for the United States to undergo medical treatment for a serious heart condition. It was in the Aquino family genes as his father died of a massive heart attack while watching a boxing bout at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex in 1947. He was only 53 years old.

Aquino’s cardiologist, Dr. Rolando Solis recalls how Ninoy became his patient

"In real sense, a nation’s future lay on the operating table before me. Former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr., whose life and death changed the course of Philippine history, was on the verge of a heart attack.

It was May 13, 1980, at Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, Texas. The day before, I performed a heart catheterization with coronary angiography on Ninoy and determined he needed immediate surgery.

A review of his hospital records from the Philippines and my examination showed that Ninoy had had progressive coronary insufficiency for almost five months prior to admission.

His exercise tolerance had gradually diminished and he experienced chest pains accompanied by shortness of breath during routine physical activities while he was in prison.

But how did I find myself on the cusp of Philippine history? Four days earlier, I received a call at 2 a.m. It was Cory Aquino calling from the Philippines. I still vividly recall her voice:

“Rolly, this is Cory. Ninoy was just released from Fort Bonifacio and is now confined at the Philippine Heart Center. The doctors here said he had a heart attack and recommend a bypass operation. We might need your help. Here he is.”

Thus began my long and enduring relationship with the Aquino family. Ninoy Aquino was a famous person I had never had the chance to meet. But that early morning, he talked to me like I were a long-lost friend.

The doctors in Manila agreed that Ninoy had suffered a heart attack and that he probably would need a coronary bypass. They recommended that he undergo this procedure in the United States.

“I believe they want me to go abroad as they are afraid to touch me here,” Ninoy told me. Without hesitation, I said: “Come on over. I will be happy to help you.”

Obviously, Ninoy’s death at the Philippine Heart Center, for any reason, would have been a PR disaster with local and international repercussions for Ferdinand Marcos’ regime. They had no choice but to let him go abroad.

Alternatively, Marcos, already under pressure for human rights violations from US President Jimmy Carter’s administration, found a face-saving way to release his nemesis.

On May 11, 1980, Ninoy was admitted under my care at Baylor. On May 13, triple coronary bypass surgery was successfully performed by the late Dr. Ben F. Mitchel, then Baylor’s chief of cardiothoracic surgery."

Aquino’s triple heart bypass was a success. He began his rehabilitation regimen also under the care of Dr. Solis at Baylor University Medical Center. After Texas, Aquino proceeded to San Francisco where he stayed for a month.

After his recuperation and rehabilitation, Aquino met with other political exiles in the US who were anxious to discuss current issues back home, particularly the question of Marcos’ health. Notable exiles then were Raul Manglapus, Ernesto Maceda and Eugenio Lopez Jr., whose residence in San Francisco Ninoy spent the month convalescing after his bypass surgery.

Aquino out his new found freedom to good use by applying for and accepting a Harvard fellowship. He moved his entire family to Boston for the duration of his fellowship. He was also busy with speaking engagements with the Filipino-American communities on the West and East coast. His oratorical skills won him many converts in the fight against Marcos.

Thirty-one years after Marcos’ fall, Aquino’s assassination remains unsolved. The members of the Philippine Constabulary who arrested Aquino inside the aircraft after his arrival had been tried and convicted but the mastermind remains unknown.

Gen. Fabian Ver died in exile in Bangkok. The same is true with in-laws Hermilo Gosuico and Gen. Romeo Gatan who were both identified with Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. but Gatan himself is close to the then PC Chief Fidel Ramos. Gatan was also part of the original twelve individuals who were in on the planning of the declaration of martial law.

Gen. Luther Custodio, AVSECOM chief at the time of the Aquino assassination died of cancer. His key deputy, Col. Romeo Ochoco, vanished and is believed to be in hiding in the United States. Rolando Galman, the alleged asassin was shot on the tarmac together with Aquino.

After the assassination, fingers pointed to Marcos, Imelda, Ver and Danding as having ordered the killing of Aquino.

Marcos was clearly taken by surprise.

His televised address to the nation immediately after the assassination clearly showed he was seriously ill. His former Information Minister Francisco Tatad would later confirm that Marcos had just undergone a second kidney transplant surgery during the same period. Marcos wouldn’t be stupid enough to order his most prominent political enemy killed. He even allowed him to go to the United States for medical treatment.

The Imelda-Ver Palace faction had also been blamed following the assassination. A popular story has it that Marcos threw an ashtray at Imelda after he was told of what happened. But Imelda and Ver denied complicity. The Iron Butterfly had become politically astute and she was not exactly the type who would make an obvious political blunder.

Gen. Fabian Ver had been singled out by Marcos for his loyalty. It wasn’t likely either that he would’ve acted on his own to protect his patron. The logic had always been Ver had the means to assassinate Aquino abroad if Marcos had given the order. But none had been given so Aquino stayed alive.

Certain quarters claimed that Danding was behind the assassination because of the involvement of Gen. Gatan and Gosuico. But few know that Danding, Monching Mitra, Ninoy and another private individual had been very close friends even if they were on opposite sides of the political fence.

Ninoy had entrusted his two key lieutenants, Jesus and Narciso Pineda to Danding after his arrest, together with the members of his security detail. Aquino wasn’t exactly the epitome of an honest politico back in the day. He also had his own private army and contacts in the underground Communist movement, certain officers in the AFP and the CIA.

Danding paid for the house of Ninoy in Boston and had been transferring monies into his account from the offices of his coconut products reading companies, Granexport and Legaspi Oil, in Los Angeles on a monthly basis. This was allegedly the reason why Ninoy had considered leaving Cory because of the lack of support from her family during his hour of greatest need. Why would Danding have Ninoy killed when he wouldn’t have had any problems had Aquino succeeded Marcos?

In 1989, Danding Cojuangco returned from exile from the US. He had taken a circuitous route flying from Los Angeles International Airport on his Lear Jet to Hong Kong.

From that refueling stop, he then flew to Kota Kinabalu in Malaysia then onwards to his cacao plantation in Malita, Davao Del Sur which has a runway whose length can accomodate a 737 aircraft.

By noon, he was on a twin-engine King Air on his way to Enrique Zobel’s Hacienda Bigaa in Calatagan, Batangas.

He then hopped on a helicopter to a private hangar at the Manila Domestic Terminal. Before the day was over, Danding Cojuangco.was back home at his house on Balete Drive, New Manila, Quezon City. He was welcomed upon his arrival by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Ramon Mitra Jr.

Less than a week later, the most serious coup attempt against the Cory administration was launched by Col. Gringo Honasan of RAM an Gen.Jose Ma. Zumel in an alliance between the Marcos loyalists in the AFP and the RAM. Cory would ask for US help in putting down the rebellion against her.

Two assassinations, twenty years apart, 1963 and 1983 and one common denominator in the person of Gen. Edward Landsdale.

Immediately after end of World War II, the US had to contend with the outbreak of the Cold War. Europe had been divided into the East and the West. The USSR ruled over Eastern Europe and its satellite states. Gen. George Patton had advocated making a push into Moscow. Why stop at Berlin he said? Patton was an old school warrior who had foresight. There was no way he was going to be in bed with Communists.

The US had to deal with the clamor of independence by the European colonies in Southeast Asia. Communism had given them an ideology and there conflicts throughout the region.

The Vietnamese were battling the French. The Malays were up in arms against the British and the Dutch were also battling an insurgency in what would become Indonesia.

The Philippines had long had a small Communist movement in the 1920s. This has evolved into a guerilla movement during the Japanese occupation and and insurgency after independence largley because of the issue of collaboration and the fraudulent election of 1946.

The Philippine eltite concentrated on regaining the wealth they had lost during the war and Roxas’ short-lived Presidency had been replaced with that of Quirino. The Americans hadn’t been to cozy with the Nacionalistas who had a nationalists bent among their members. Roxas put up the Liberal Party to protect American interests and it had received the blessing of Gen. Douglas MacArthur who styled himself as Emperor of Japan and the Philippines.

The CIA had been in its infancy during the war. It was organized as the Office of Strategic Services by the brother’s John Foster and Allen Dulles. Lansdale had served under both and he became the first station chief in Manila.

Lansdale had developed the low intensity conflict doctrine in the campaign against the Hukbalahap movement. He formulated the strategy together with his key Filipino deputy, Napoleon Valeriano.

Lansdale and Valeriano played a large part in the development of Ramon Magsaysay as the successor to Elpidio Quirino. Upon Magsaysay’s victory at the polls, Ninoy Aquino was designated Special Assistant to the President. He negotiated the surrender of Huk Supremo Luis Taruc which effectively rendered the Huks inutile. Ninoy Aquino’s political career was off to an auspicious start.

Lansdale would export his successful strategy in the Philippines to Vietnam where he was next posted. He brought Valeriano again with him.

The civil component of Lansdale’s strategy was the deployment of Operation Brotherhood in Vietnam and subsequently, Laos. Operation Brotherhood was founded by Oscar Arellano, the brother of Lt. Gen. Alfonso Arellano, an Army officer who would later on serve as Chief of Staff of the AFP.

Operation Brotherhood not only conducted medical missions in Vietnam and Laos but they also served as vital “listening posts” in determining where the sentiments of the common people lay. For Lansdale, this was integral in preventing the people from being converted to the cause of communism in Indochina.

The information served him in good stead as he was now the de facto adviser of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem. Immediately after the signing of the peace treaty between North and South Vietnam, the former had begun launching guerilla attacks in the South and was actively drawing Laos into the communist orbit. The Americans were actively involved in preventing the spread of communism in Southeast Asia and even in the Middle East together with the British in their former dominions. This was the beginning of increasing US involvement in Indochina.

Lansdale was also responsible for the intial attempt to bring down Indonesian President Sukarno of In with his PRRI-Permesta movement whose members allegedly held their training exercises at Hacienda Luisita with the backing of Ninoy Aquino.

Landsdale’s name would next resurface in Oliver Stone’s JFK as General Y. He had been fingered by Colonel X, later to be revealed as Col. L. Fletcher Prouty who approached New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison who was the only government official to bring up criminal charges against Clay Shaw in Louisiana state for his involvement in the plot to assassinate Kennedy.

Garrison allegged that Landsdale was one of the three hobos walking outside the Texas Book Depository at the time of assassination. He was present to coordinate the three teams of shooters who would open fire on the Kennedy motorcade as it entered the kill zone of the triangulated line of fire.

The Americans might have grown wary of Marcos because of his non-renewal of the Bell Trade Act which granted Americans parity rights in the Philippines. This act was passed in 1946 by the Philippine Congress under the express instructions of then President Manuel Roxas.

Marcos also abrogated the US military bases agreement to the consternation of the Americans. It was now set to expire in 1992. The US couldn’t afford to lose vital installations in the Philippines such as Clark Air Force base and the Subic Naval base including its communications facilities at Poro Point in La Union. The Philippines has always been the first line of defense by the US against attacks coming from the Pacific and the South China Sea. It was for this very reason why it paid the Spaniards $20M in 1898 for the Philippines, Guam and Saipan and its conquest of the former independent kingdom of Hawaii.

The Aquino assassination served as the catalyst of public opposition against Marcos. The absence of a designated successor had the Americans on tenterhooks because of the security vacuum that would be created if the Philippines descended into anarchy and chaos in the event of Marcos’ sudden death.

The CIA station chief during the Marcos years was Norbert Garrett. Garret never kept his identity secret and he openly mingled among the society set of Manila. His malt valued asset even provided him with the details of Marcos’ martial law proclamation well ahead of time. Ronald Simbulan writes:

"CIA human intelligence assets in Manila are said to have provided vital information at crucial times. According to declassified documents under the Freedom of Information Act, on Sept. 17, 1972, a CIA asset in the Philippines, who was in the inner circle of the Marcos administration, informed the CIA station in Manila that Ferdinand Marcos was planning to proclaim martial law on Sept. 21, 1972. The CIA station in Manila was also provided an advance copy of Proclamation 1081, which declared martial law, and a list of individuals whom Marcos planned to arrest and imprison.

So accurate was the CIA’s assessment about the Sept. 21, 1972 declaration of martial rule that it reportedly boosted the prestige of the CIA station in Manila. Upon his retirement a few years later, Henry Byroade, the American ambassador to Manila when martial law was declared, was honored at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia, a tribute said to be very rarely given any retiring ambassador.

Also, in 1982, the CIA was able to verify from a high-ranking Philippine immigration officer the names of the two doctors who visited the Philippines to treat Marcos for kidney failure, giving the CIA a clear picture of Marcos’ health problems. (Richelson, 1999)"

Who was this human intelligence asset of the CIA embedded in Marcos’ innermost circle? WikiLeaks release of declassified cable traffic between Manila and Washington show the Rolex 12 whom Marcos planned the implementation and execution of martial law to be the following:

Cable 1974MANILA15083_b, which was earlier released in the public domain by the US National Archives, identified the “Omega 12”. They were:

Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile,

Philippine Constabulary chief Maj. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos,

National Intelligence Security Authority chief Maj. Gen. Fabian Ver

Lt. Col. Eduardo “Danding” Cojuangco, Jr.

Army chief Maj. Gen. Rafael Zagala, Constabulary vice-chief Brig Gen. Tomas Diaz

Armed Forces Chief of Staff Gen. Romeo Espino

Air Force chief Maj. Gen. Jose Rancudo

Navy chief Rear Admiral Hilario Ruiz

ISAFP chief Brig. Gen. Ignacio Paz

Metrocom chief Brig Gen. Alfredo Montoya

Rizal province Constabulary head Col. Romeo Gatan.

In August 2009, Cory Aquino was on her deathbed at the Makati Medical Center. She had been diagnosed with stage 4 colon cancer the previous year and as cancers go, this was one of the quickest to spread if not detected early enough.

After her death, speculations had been rife if she had finally revealed to her children who was the real mastermind behind the assassination of their father. Toto Gonzalez writes:

"It is the story circulating among Social Manila’s elegant dinner tables that in one lucid moment during her final days of illness at the ICU Intensive Care Unit of the Makati Medical Center, the dying Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco-Aquino finally spoke about the masterminds and the assassins of her husband, Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr., on that fateful day of 21 August 1983.

The story of Cory in the ICU cannot be verified at present.

However, the truth about the Aquino assassination, if and when it is finally made public, is eagerly awaited by millions and millions of Filipinos around the world.



With the recent passing of former President Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco-Aquino, and as the 26th anniversary of that fateful day of 21 August 1983 fast approaches, One important question still looms in the minds of millions and millions of Filipinos just like you and I, here in the Philippines and elsewhere in the world…

WHO HAD NINOY AQUINO KILLED???

OK, OK, OK, President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos said that Rolando “Lando” Galman, whoever he was, did it. Poor Rolando Galman. They just fattened him for the kill, like “lechon.” They didn’t even have the decency to fix him up for his final “one moment in time” press kit — no makeup artist, no hairdresser, no tailor, no society photographer. Well, at least he had his fifteen minutes of fame, or notoriety, whichever. I believe that Rolando Galman killed Ninoy Aquino as much as Yosemite Sam killed Daffy Duck in the “Merrie Melodies” cartoons.

But I do believe that President Ferdinand Marcos was far too intelligent, much too brilliant, and way too prescient to have ordered Ninoy Aquino’s assassination. One must never forget that he was the ultimate master of the Filipino psyche. Unless he was having a “stupid moment” and saying “What was I thinking?” which all humans have at some points of their lives anyway.

On the other hand, there is the persistent story that upon finally being informed of the assassination of Ninoy Aquino at the MIA Manila International Airport that afternoon, the already very ill President Ferdinand Marcos hurled an object, usually said to be a vase, towards his First Lady, Imelda Marcos. At that time, it was said that he was not at the Malacanang palace; he was supposed to have been confined at the new Kidney center of the Philippines in Quezon City. Nurses outside the room swore that they heard a breakable object crash to the floor and invectives hurled by the very ill President at both Madame Marcos and General Ver.

There are people, mostly anti-Marcos, who claim that if that story was true, then President Marcos, First Lady Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, and General Fabian Ver were just “play-acting”…

Another persistent story, certified true by close Marcos and Romualdez family members, was that upon being informed of the assassination of Ninoy Aquino at the MIA Manila International Airport, the already very ill and very weak President Marcos sat up on his hospital bed, as if from an electric shock, and declared: “Oh no! This is the end! This is the end of all of us!!!”

One of my mentors, the deliciously, wickedly, incorruptibly corrupt Eminence Gris, never fails to remind me that everything boils down to MONEY. “Pera lang yan.” he insists.

If one has a question about anything, specially in politics and government, not only in the Philippines but everywhere else in the world, The answer is money. Why did the USA wage war in Iraq? Money. Why did the USA have a financial meltdown? Money. Why does the USA do business with China? Money. Why did Communist China turn capitalist? Money. Why did Ferdinand Marcos remain as President of the Philippines for 21 years? Money. Why did the USA abandon Ferdinand Marcos and support Corazon Aquino during the EDSA Revolution? Money. Why do we have a never-ending Communist insurgency? Money. Why do we have a never-ending Islamic insurgency in Mindanao? Money. Why do all those candidates — Manny Villar, Mar Roxas, Gilbert Teodoro, Chiz Escudero, Loren Legarda, Jamby Madrigal, Bayani Fernando, Jejomar Binay, et. al. — want to become the President of the Philippines in 2010? Money.

Why was Ninoy Aquino killed??? Because of money.

In the study of this 26 year-old mystery case, the crucial question is: Who had the most to lose in terms of money — if Ninoy Aquino returned to the Philippines — before 21 August 1983???

President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos?

First Lady Imelda Romualdez-Marcos?

Armed Forces Chief of Staff General Fabian C. Ver?

Vice Chief of Staff General Fidel V. Ramos?

Defense Minister Juan Ponce-Enrile?

Multimillionaire businessman Benjamin “Kokoy” Trinidad Romualdez, Imelda Marcos’ younger brother?

Multimillionaire businessman Eduardo “Danding” Murphy Cojuangco Jr.?

The CIA Central Intelligence Agency of the United States of America?

The CPP Communist Party of the Philippines / The NPA New People’s Army / Jose Maria Sison?

Years ago, a top official of the Marcos administration, privy to the highest and innermost circles, and yes, almost a “crony,” told me, without revealing anything: “You will have to wait until we are all dead, hijo. Several are still alive and active in national politics and big business. It was very complicated… It was not one, not two, not even three people involved, but several. An entire cast of characters as exciting as a suspense thriller movie. James Bond 007 had nothing to compare! You will be surprised by who was actually involved as well as by who was actually not involved. It was initially planned in a sports facility. The intelligence operatives knew about it. Even I knew it was going to happen. I contemplated sending my family abroad. But what could I do except wait for the moment of damnation… of all of us??? Look to one born in the year of the dragon hijo. The dragon is far worse than the snake according to our Parian friends."

Moment of damnation indeed.

And the moment of redemption for the Filipino people and their nation.

Post Script: By February of 1985, one year before the EDSA Revolution, the Marcos administration was already faced with tremendous difficulties — including the worsening SLE systemic Lupus erythematosus of President Ferdinand Marcos — to the point that the First Lady Imelda Romualdez-Marcos had quietly requested her family members: “Pray. Please pray and pray hard. For it is all about to end.”"

It did end on February 25, 1986. The US was able to twist Marcos’ arm into holding a snap election. Cory Aquino ran for President and supposedly lost to Marcos. The US and the CIA backed Cory to the hilt. They even went to the extent of dusting off the National Movement for Free Elections or NAMFREL which was first utilized by Lansdale in 1953 to ensure Magsaysay’s victory.

Cory didn’t take her loss sitting down and launched a civil disobedience campaign. It would’ve been a long and drawn out effort considering no amount of protests could turn the AFP away from Marcos even before the snap election was called.

It would take a failed coup attempt by then Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and the RAM to trigger the uprising at EDSA.

Edward Lansdale would die on February 23, 1987 or a year after Marcos was ousted. He had left a substantial legacy to the US Army doctrine of low intensity conflict which was later on adopted as the basic foundation for the same course taught at Fort Benning in what would be called The School of the Americas.

Lansdale and Valeriano made up a formidable team and continued running black operations for the CIA and the National Security Council. They would be credited for the ouster of the governments of South Vietnam, Guatemala and Chile. Valeriano died of a cerebral hemmorage on January 20, 1975 in Maryland.

Ramon Magsaysay would perish in a plane crash in Balamban, Cebu on March 17, 1957. The cause of the crash was never known.

Claro M. Recto, a staunch nationalist who could’ve givnen Magsaysay a close contest in the 1953 elections died in Rome on October 2, 1960 after being paid a visit by two Americans in white suits. Recto supposedly died of a heart attack but unlike Ninoy Aquino, he never had a hsitory of heart disease.

Emma Benitez Araneta Valeriano died on September 29, 2012, just a day short of her 90th birthday. Her son, Gregorio with Gregorio Araneta Sr. married the daughter of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, Irene.

What is certain up to this day is there are three unresolved deaths of Philippine politicians during the tour of duty of Edward Lansdale in the Philippines - Magsaysay, Recto and Aquino.

It is also interesting to note that after the ascension of Cory Aquino to the Presidency, another one of Landsdale’s associates also began a hunt for gold in the country. The Wikipedia entry is as follows:

John Kirk Singlaub (born July 10, 1921) is a highly decorated former OSS officer, a founding member of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and a retired Major General in the United States Army. In 1977 Singlaub was relieved from his position as Chief of Staff of U.S. forces in South Korea after criticizing President Jimmy Carter’s decision to withdraw U.S. troops from the Korean peninsula in an interview with the Washington Post.

Less than a year later Singlaub was forced to retire after publicly questioning President Carter’s national security policies. In 1979 Singlaub founded the Western Goals Foundation, a private intelligence network that was implicated for supplying weapons to the contras during the Iran-Contra affair. Singlaub has contributed to several books, as well as writing an autobiography.

Interestingly, Singlaub is again mentioned in a diary entry of a police officer who has accused incumbent President Rodrigo Duterte of complicity in the killings conducted under his alleged leadership of the Davao Death Squad. The entry is as follows:

"Lascañas wrote that in 1986, he worked as a “personal bodyguard of Mr. Raymund Moreno, a businessman and resident of Forbes Park, Makati. Metro Manila, “who was the owner of Liberty Telecommunications… the business partner of Gen. Fabian Ver, the chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.” Lascañas wrote that later that year, “I became part-time bodyguard of U.S. Army Gen. (John K.) Singlaub with PFC Manuel Salvador and U.S. Air Force Capt. Mike Timpani.”

From mid-1986 to March 1987, Singlaub was in the Philippines “as a private citizen” on a supposed “treasure-hunting” project, together with Timpani, an officer of the US Air Force. A retired U.S. Army major general and head of the former U.S. Council for World Freedom — a lead group in the World Anti-Communist League — Singlaub had set up a private corporation in the Philippines in November 1986. Singalub and Timpani had worked together in various operations overseas, notably in Grenada, Nicaragua, and the Honduras, according to official reports and responses to Freedom of Information Act requests in the United States."

What is it with the Aquino’s and the Americans and their obsession with Marcos’ alleged gold hoard?

Maybe the universe deems it as not the proper time yet for the truth to be revealed. But all of the above events are somehow interconnected with the fate of the Philippines.

Who had Ninoy Aquino killed? Your guess is as good as mine.