Smart Contract Deployment: Dame Mas Gasolina

Interested in the idea of decentralized & anonymous (perhaps even autonomous) voting, I’ve recently attempted to deploy the Open Vote Network project to the Ropsten Revival testnet— but I didn’t succeed.

My go-to move for deploying smart contracts recently has been to use https://remix.ethereum.org, in conjunction with MetaMask. One gripe I have with Remix is that it doesn’t have a dark theme, recently I’ve been thinking of writing one myself.

Below we can see a screenshot of my attempt to compile and deploy ‘AnonymousVoting.sol’ to the testnet:

The Error I got when I tried to create the contract was:

callback contain no result Gas required exceeds limit: 3000000

The gas limit can be configured here:

After conducting an search[0], I realized that this gas limit was in fact much lower than the one enforced by miners, which can be seen here:

Going back to the original paper I looked specifically for gas limit and I found the following section:

Even after increasing the gas limit to the level indicated as acceptable by ethstats.net I was still confronted with the Error:

callback contain no result Gas required exceeds block gas limit: 6689731

If someone is keen to help me solve this issue, or if your interested in the idea of autonomous voting and would like to share knowledge, please get in touch.

Resources

• [0] https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/18648/block-gas-limit-exceeded-when-compiling-contract-solidity-browser
• [1] http://fc17.ifca.ai/preproceedings/paper_80.pdf

Here’s what the compiled ABI for the contract looks like:

var contractAbi = eth.contract([{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"name":"eligible","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"xG","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"vG","type":"uint256[3]"},{"name":"r","type":"uint256"}],"name":"register","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":true,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[],"name":"computeTally","outputs":[],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[],"name":"withdrawRefund","outputs":[],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"name":"addressid","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"totaleligible","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[],"name":"getVoter","outputs":[{"name":"_registeredkey","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"_reconstructedkey","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"_commitment","type":"bytes32"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"endSignupPhase","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"commitmentphase","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"question","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"string"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"addr","type":"address[]"}],"name":"setEligible","outputs":[],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"finishSignupPhase","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"endRefundPhase","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"h","type":"bytes32"}],"name":"submitCommitment","outputs":[],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"totalrefunded","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"endCommitmentPhase","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[],"name":"finishRegistrationPhase","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"params","type":"uint256[4]"},{"name":"y","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"a1","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"b1","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"a2","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"b2","type":"uint256[2]"}],"name":"submitVote","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"gap","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"totalcommitted","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"name":"votecast","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[],"name":"deadlinePassed","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"totalvoted","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"params","type":"uint256[4]"},{"name":"y","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"a1","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"b1","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"a2","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"b2","type":"uint256[2]"}],"name":"verify1outof2ZKP","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"owner","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"charity","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"endVotingPhase","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"name":"commitment","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"name":"registered","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"_question","type":"string"},{"name":"enableCommitmentPhase","type":"bool"},{"name":"_finishSignupPhase","type":"uint256"},{"name":"_endSignupPhase","type":"uint256"},{"name":"_endCommitmentPhase","type":"uint256"},{"name":"_endVotingPhase","type":"uint256"},{"name":"_endRefundPhase","type":"uint256"},{"name":"_depositrequired","type":"uint256"}],"name":"beginSignUp","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":true,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"name":"refunds","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"state","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint8"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"totaltorefund","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"name":"finaltally","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"totalregistered","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[],"name":"sendToCharity","outputs":[],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"name":"voters","outputs":[{"name":"addr","type":"address"},{"name":"commitment","type":"bytes32"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"lostdeposit","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"name":"addresses","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"newOwner","type":"address"}],"name":"transferOwnership","outputs":[],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"depositrequired","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"uint256"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"constant":false,"inputs":[{"name":"xG","type":"uint256[2]"},{"name":"r","type":"uint256"},{"name":"vG","type":"uint256[3]"}],"name":"verifyZKP","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"bool"}],"payable":false,"type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"name":"_gap","type":"uint256"},{"name":"_charity","type":"address"}],"type":"constructor","payable":true}]);

After deploying it to my geth console and calling it:

> contractAbi
{
abi: [{
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "eligible",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [{...}, {...}, {...}],
name: "register",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: true,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [],
name: "computeTally",
outputs: [],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [],
name: "withdrawRefund",
outputs: [],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "addressid",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "totaleligible",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [],
name: "getVoter",
outputs: [{...}, {...}, {...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "endSignupPhase",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "commitmentphase",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "question",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "setEligible",
outputs: [],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "finishSignupPhase",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "endRefundPhase",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "submitCommitment",
outputs: [],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "totalrefunded",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "endCommitmentPhase",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [],
name: "finishRegistrationPhase",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [{...}, {...}, {...}, {...}, {...}, {...}],
name: "submitVote",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "gap",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "totalcommitted",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "votecast",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [],
name: "deadlinePassed",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "totalvoted",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [{...}, {...}, {...}, {...}, {...}, {...}],
name: "verify1outof2ZKP",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "owner",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "charity",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "endVotingPhase",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "commitment",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "registered",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [{...}, {...}, {...}, {...}, {...}, {...}, {...}, {...}],
name: "beginSignUp",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: true,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "refunds",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "state",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "totaltorefund",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "finaltally",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "totalregistered",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [],
name: "sendToCharity",
outputs: [],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "voters",
outputs: [{...}, {...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "lostdeposit",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "addresses",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [{...}],
name: "transferOwnership",
outputs: [],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: true,
inputs: [],
name: "depositrequired",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
constant: false,
inputs: [{...}, {...}, {...}],
name: "verifyZKP",
outputs: [{...}],
payable: false,
type: "function"
}, {
inputs: [{...}, {...}],
payable: true,
type: "constructor"
}],
eth: {
accounts: ["0xd7a9a61a480d458a1181e0563b07f944df4489a6"],
blockNumber: 1269484,
coinbase: "0xd7a9a61a480d458a1181e0563b07f944df4489a6",
compile: {
lll: function(),
serpent: function(),
solidity: function()
},
defaultAccount: undefined,
defaultBlock: "latest",
gasPrice: 93000000000,
hashrate: 0,
mining: true,
pendingTransactions: [],
protocolVersion: "0x3f",
syncing: false,
call: function(),
contract: function(abi),
estimateGas: function(),
filter: function(fil, callback),
getAccounts: function(callback),
getBalance: function(),
getBlock: function(),
getBlockNumber: function(callback),
getBlockTransactionCount: function(),
getBlockUncleCount: function(),
getCode: function(),
getCoinbase: function(callback),
getCompilers: function(),
getGasPrice: function(callback),
getHashrate: function(callback),
getMining: function(callback),
getPendingTransactions: function(callback),
getProtocolVersion: function(callback),
getRawTransaction: function(),
getRawTransactionFromBlock: function(),
getStorageAt: function(),
getSyncing: function(callback),
getTransaction: function(),
getTransactionCount: function(),
getTransactionFromBlock: function(),
getTransactionReceipt: function(),
getUncle: function(),
getWork: function(),
iban: function(iban),
icapNamereg: function(),
isSyncing: function(callback),
namereg: function(),
resend: function(),
sendIBANTransaction: function(),
sendRawTransaction: function(),
sendTransaction: function(),
sign: function(),
signTransaction: function(),
submitTransaction: function(),
submitWork: function()
},
at: function(address, callback),
getData: function(),
new: function()
}