2.3 Configure and verify Layer 2 discovery protocols (CDP and LLDP) — Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) CDP is a layer 2 media-independent and network-independent protocol. It is used to learn about neighbor directly connected devices. It is enabled by default. This protocol is cisco proprietary so it cannot be used on other noncisco devices. How does it work? CDP packet is just a frame that is…

2.2 Configure and Verify Interswitch Connectivity — Trunk Ports The access ports belong to carry the traffic of only one VLAN but trunk ports are used to carry the traffic of a group VLAN. If users want to exchange traffic between more than one switches having more than one VLAN then trunk ports are used. 802.1Q Cisco originally created its…

2.1 Configure and verify VLANs (normal range) spanning multiple switches — VLAN stands for a virtual local area network. VLAN’s can logically create several virtual networks to separate network broadcast traffic. Cisco provides VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) to assist with creations and synchronization across many switches. …

1.12 Describe Switching Concepts — MAC Learning and Aging Learning mac addresses is one of the responsibilities of a switch. The switch transparently observes incoming frames. All the source mac addresses are recorded in the mac-address-table of the switch. It also associates the specific port with a source MAC address. For each connected device, the mac addresses are different…

1.11 Explain virtualization fundamentals (virtual machines) — An important area of information technology that has absolutely exploded with advancements and popularity in recent years is virtualization. Virtualization is a process of creating a software-based or virtual version of something. It can be a computer, storage, networking, servers, and applications. A hypervisor is a program that is used…

1.10 Describe Wireless Principles — Radio Frequencies Wireless technologies send data by using ranges of radio frequencies (RF) rather than physical cables. A range of frequencies is typically called a band. The two most commonly used bands for wireless communications are 2.4 GHz band and the 5 GHz band. Inside the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands…

1.9 Compare IPv6 address types — IPv6 — Address Types 1.Global Unicast Address: This address type is equivalent to IPv4’s public address. Global Unicast addresses in IPv6 are globally identifiable and uniquely addressable. 2.Unique Local Address: This address is similar to a private-use-only address (RFC 1918) in IPv4 in that they are not routed on the Internet.

1.8 Configure and verify IPv6 addressing and prefix — IPV6 was developed by IETF to deal with the problem of IPV4 exhaustion. IPV6 is a 128-bit address having address space 2¹²⁸. Because IPV6 is incredibly long, we represent them using hexadecimal. An IPV6 header is larger than the IPV4 header. The IPV6 address format is eight sets of four…

1.6 Configure and verify IPv4 addressing and subnetting — Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol and a widely used protocol in data communication over different kinds of networks. It provides the logical connection between network devices by providing identification for each device IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses for Ethernet communication in five classes…