Cosmotechnics as Cosmopolitics/Yuk Hui/ :
https://www.e-flux.com/journal/86/161887/cosmotechnics-as-cosmopolitics/
cosmopolitics against “cosmopolitan”（which link with kant “citizen of the cosmos”）
斯坦杰认为这是一种误用 —politics are not only about human
politic — order
宇宙政治作为商业制度，以及作为一种关于自然的政治
1、we are witnessing the end of unilateral globalization.
我们正目睹着单边全球化的终结
911-自体免疫 — 是内在大西洋阵营冷战遗留反共细胞对主人的打击
苦恼意识：单边全球化的代表们日益担忧自己的国家会在新旧模式的转换之间搁浅，并将不安全感投射到911事件的图像上
throwing the baby out with the bathwater
— — 当代西方已经丧失了对自身的信仰。在启蒙和后启蒙期间，这种信仰丧失解放了巨大的商业与创造性力量，但与此同时，它也使西方变得脆弱
2、the human species on earth is confronting the crisis of the Anthropocene.
地球上的人类物种正面临着人类纪的危机
cosmotechnics — 重新讨论技术
Thesis: Technology is an anthropological universal, understood as an exteriorization of memory and the liberation of organs, as some anthropologists and philosophers of technology have formulated it;
Antithesis: Technology is not anthropologically universal; it is enabled and constrained by particular cosmologies, which go beyond mere functionality or utility. Therefore, there is no one single technology, but rather multiple cosmotechnics.
正题：技术是人类学意义上的普遍现象，正如一些人类学家和技术哲学家所说，它可以被理解为记忆的外化与器官的解放。
反题：技术不是人类学意义上的普遍现象；它建立在某些特殊的宇宙论的基础上，并受它们的限制，而这些宇宙论不仅仅是功能或功利性的。因此不存在一种唯一的技术，而是有许多种宇宙技术。
1.世界主义（cosmopolitanism）：在自然与技术之间
§1. Cosmopolitanism: Between Nature and Technology
1⃣️Kant：
Nature “completion of a hidden plan of nature” cause the end goal of politic “completion of a hidden plan of nature”
2⃣️Hannah Arendt and Eckart Förster：
(kant’s thesis was one-sided )
1\ Kant’s political philosophy centers on his concept of nature
2\ *affirms community (Gemeinschaft) and reciprocity (Wechselwirkung)
3⃣️
kant tree example
1\tree reproduces another tree
2\tree produces it self
3\a part is always constrained by the whole
— nature can only be comprehended as a complex whole, and the human species, as one part of it, will ultimately progress towards a universal history that coincides with the teleology of nature.
4⃣️
Kant develops his thinking towards universalism
his thought between cosmopolitans and purposiveness of nature is situated in a peculiar moment in history: simultaneous enchantment and disenchantment of nature.
“Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing wonder and awe, the more often and constantly reflection concerns itself with them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.”
1\
Point to Kantian physiology of the soul and the cosmos
— With me ( freedom)
— Above me
2\ the affirmation of “universal history”and advancements in science and technology led in the “death of the cosmos”(Remi Brague)
? End of Cosmology after tech and science developing
total secularization of the cosmosy 宇宙世俗化
teleology 目的论 — 现象是为了目的发生的
ontology 本体论 Cartesian — there are only three kinds of substance: mind, matter and God.
Tech is important
communication is the condition of the realization of the organicist whole
sensus communis
2.作为宇宙政治的“本体论转向”
§2. “Ontological Turn” as Cosmopolitics
Kant — -single nature
Author — -multi-naturalism (reconsider cosmopolitanism by examining its relation to nature and technology// it is necessary to consider cosmopolitics from the point of view of locality )
Ontological turn has influence with Anthropocene/terms of ecological crisis
Descola 4 major ontologies:
naturalism, — — moden — — opposition between culture and nature,
animism,
totemism,
analogism
（Dead）
E.g.
in animism the role of nature is based on the continuity of spirituality, despite the discontinuity of physicality.
anthropology of nature
About the oppositions between nature and technics, mythology and reason
rationalists/progressivists
the world process will stamp out differences and diversities and lead to a “theodicy.”
left intellectuals
feel the need to extol indigenous ontology or biology as a way out of modernity
Central to the anthropologists’ concept of “nature” and “ontology” is cosmology,
Since “nature” is defined according to different “ecologies of relations”
e.g., the parental relation between females and vegetables, or brotherhood between hunters and animals.
“multi-ontologies are expressed as multi-natures”
reformulate the question of cosmopolitics in relation to cosmotechnics.
3.作为宇宙政治的宇宙技术
§3. Cosmotechnics as Cosmopolitics
cosmotechnics:
it is the unification of the cosmos and the moral through technical activities, whether craft-making or art-making.
它是宇宙与道德通过技术活动的统一，无论是手工制作还是艺术制作。
Black Notebooks (Schwarze Hefte)
If communism in China should come to rule, one can assume that only in this way will China become ‘free’ for technology. What is this process?
1\ technology is not universal, but international
2\chinese unable to resist technology,after communism seized power in the country
technological globalization as a form of neocolonization
Author hope to beyond H’s view, and give two vies from himself:
1) a desire to respond to the ontological turn in anthropology, which aims to tackle the problem of modernity by proposing an ontological pluralism;
2) a desire to update the insufficient discourse on technology that is largely associated with Heidegger’s critique of technology.
1.希望能回应人类学中的本体论转向，这一转向意在通过提出一种本体论的多元主义来处理现代性问题，
2.希望补充关于技术的讨论的不足，已有的讨论主要是关于海德格尔的技术批判的。
Point : history of such a cosmotechnics
cosmotechnics in china:
QI and DAO 器和道
— -unification of the moral and the cosmic
intellectual intuition
Kant：人们可能有直觉
dismissed the possibility that human beings could possess such an intuition
Mou：
the moral arises out of the experience of the infinity of the cosmos, which necessitates infinitization as the condition of possibility for Dasein’s finitude.
道德源于对宇宙无限的体验，而宇宙无限化是此在有限的可能性条件。
Dao belongs to the noumenon
Qi belongs to the phenomenon
art — put Qi into noumenon
Pao Ding’s bullock
way(path) versus tool
To reopen the question of technology is to refuse this homogeneous technological future that is presented to us as the only option.