What is Monkey patching

In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic modifications of a class or module at runtime, which means monkey patch is a piece of Python code that extends or modifies other code at runtime.

Monkey patching can only be done in dynamic languages, of which python is a good example. In Monkey patching, we reopen the existing classes or methods in class at runtime and alters the behavior, which should be used cautiously, or you should use it only when you really need to. …

Today, we will be discussing the optimization technique in Python. In this article, you will get to know to speed up your code by avoiding the re-evaluation inside a list and dictionary.

Here I have written the decorator function to calculate the execution time of a function.

import functools
import timedef timeit(func):
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def newfunc(*args, **kwargs):
        startTime = time.time()
        func(*args, **kwargs)
        elapsedTime = time.time() - startTime
        print('function - {}, took {} ms to complete'.format(func.__name__, int(elapsedTime * 1000)))
    return newfunc

let’s move to the actual function

Avoid Re-evaluation in Lists

Evaluating nums.append inside the loop

@timeit def append_inside_loop(limit): nums = [] for num in…

A context manager is an object that defines the runtime context to be established when executing a with statement. The context manager handles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context for the execution of the block of code.

Let’s have a look at below example, suppose I want to calculate the Fibonacci of a number -

def fib_cal(fib_num, memo):
    if memo[fib_num] is not None:
        return memo[fib_num]
    elif fib_num == 1 or fib_num == 2:
        result = 1
    else:
        result = fib_cal(fib_num-1, memo) + fib_cal(fib_num-2, memo)
    memo[fib_num] = result
    return result
def get_fibonacci(fib_num): memo = [None] *…

The SCP (secure copy protocol) is a network protocol, based on the BSD RCP protocol, that supports file transfers between hosts on a network. SCP uses secure shell (SSH) for data transfer and the same mechanisms for authentication.

Using SCP, you can copy file/directory from:

• your local machine to a remote system
• a remote system to your local system
• one remote system to another remote system from your local system

While transferring data using SCP, files and passwords are encrypted so that anyone snooping on the traffic doesn’t get anything sensitive.

Things to keep in mind before you start:

• The…

Today, we will be discussing the copy in Python. There are three ways we can do it. In this article, you will get to know what each operation does and how they are different.

1. Assignment operator (=)
2. Shallow copy
3. Deep copy

Assignment Operator (=)

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> b = a

In the above example of the assignment operator, it does not make a copy of the Python objects. Instead, it copies a memory address (or pointer) from a to b, (b=a). Which means both a and b point to the same memory address.

Here, we can use…

Objects of built-in types like int, float, bool, str, tuple, and Unicode are immutable. Objects of built-in types like list, set, and dict are mutable. A mutable object can change its state or contents, whereas immutable objects cannot.

This is a very simple definition of mutable and immutable objects in Python. Now for the interesting part, which is a mutable default object in function definitions.

I have written a very simple function below:

def foobar(element, data=[]):
    data.append(element)
    return data

In this function, I set data to a list (mutable object) as a default argument. Now let's execute this function:

>>>…

In languages like C or C++, the programmer is responsible for the dynamic allocation and deallocation of memory on the heap. But in Python, programmers don’t have to preallocate or deallocate memory.

Python uses the following garbage-collection algorithms for memory management:

• Reference counting
• A cycle-detecting algorithm (circular references)

Reference Counting

Reference counting is a simple procedure where referenced objects are deallocated when there’s no reference to them in a program.

In short, when the reference count becomes 0, the object is deallocated (frees its allocated memory).

Let’s have a look at the below example:

def calculate_sum(num1, num2):
    total = num1 + num2…

Pickling allows you to serialize and de-serializing Python object structures. In short, Pickling is a way to convert a python object into a character stream so that this character stream contains all the information necessary to reconstruct the object in another python script.

To successfully reconstruct the object, The Pickled byte stream contains instructions to the unpicker to reconstruct the original object structure along with instruction operands, which help in populating the object structure.

Pickle protocols:

There are currently 6 different protocols that can be used for Pickling. The higher the protocol used, the more recent the version of Python needed to…