Intel Journey
Authors:-Sourjadip Pramanik,Vaibhav Kadam,Vijay Singh,Vishal Gurudasani,Vishal Phonde
Have you ever considered that your computer will crash while working?
What gives you confidence that all your system process will run smoothly?
Why do you feel confident that all your file/documents will be properly managed internally?
Here’s how it all started…..
Intel corporation which is world’s largest semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue and is the developer of x86 series of microprocessors, processors which are found in most personal computers. During 1990s , intel invested into new microprocessor design which had fostering the rapid growth in computer industry. After this period intel kick-started massive growth in microprocessor production for pcs and commonly known for aggressive and anti-competitive tactics in defense of its market position.
Intel supplies microprocessors for computer system manufacturers such as Acer, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel also manufactures motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphics chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing.
World’s largest semiconductor company and the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, found in most personal computers Integrated Electronics Corporation was founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, on July 18, 1968. Intel combines advanced chip design capability with reliable manufacturing facilities. Originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, Intel’s successful “Intel Inside” advertising campaign during the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names.
Early history:
At start intel was commonly known just for its ability for manufacturing logic gates via semiconductor technology. First product which was entered into market was static random-access memory which was the first step to enter into high speed memory market. First three transistors cell implemented in the first commercially available market are dynamically access memory.
Now intel journey into core processor has been started with creating commercially available microprocessor. This microprocessor has made notable advancements in the technology of integrated circuitry which then enables to perform small calculations which was done by using large machines.
First intel manufacturing facility has been launched in 1972 , In Malaysia which would host multiple Intel Operations, before opening assembly facilities and semiconductor plants in Singapore and Jerusalem in the early 1980s, and manufacturing and development centres in China, India and Costa Rica in the 1990s.By 1980 its business has been upscaled by dynamic access memory commonly known as DRAM chips. However, increased competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers had, by 1983, dramatically reduced the profitability of this market. The growing success of the IBM personal computer, based on an Intel microprocessor, was among factors that convinced Gordon Moore (CEO since 1975) to shift the company’s focus to microprocessors and to change fundamental aspects of that business model. Moore’s decision to sole-source Intel’s 386 chip played into the company’s continuing success.
Intel landmarks throughout its journey :
Products develop by Intel
intel 4004
The 4004 was the first complete CPU on a single chip, packaged in a 16-pin ceramic dual in-line package. The 4004 was initially released with a clock speed of 108 kHz (and scaled up to 740 kHz). Produced in a 10 μm (10,000 nm) process, the 4004 had 2,300 transistors and delivered a performance of 0.07 MIPS.
intel 8008
Intel 8008 was designed using PMOS technology and had a 18 pin design. It had a 14 bit external address bus and can support 16 KB of memory. The initial model had a clockspeed of 0.5 MHz which was later extended to 0.8 MHz in another model. The Intel 8008 has 3500 transistors that enabled it to process 30,000 to 160,000 instructions per second. The Inte 8008 has also the ability to handle interrupts and it was built using 7 levels of CPU stack design
intel 8086
8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085Microprocessor that was designed by Intel in 1976. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20 address lines and16 data lines that provides up to 1MB storage. It consists of powerful instruction set, which provides operations like multiplication and division easily.
It supports two modes of operation, i.e. Maximum mode and Minimum mode. Maximum mode is suitable for system having multiple processors and Minimum mode is suitable for system having a single processor.
intel 8088
Being an 8-bit microprocessor, the Intel 8088 requires two cycles to process 16-bit data. The Intel 8088 has a clock speed from 5–10 MHz, with 16-bit registers, a 20-bit address bus, a 16-bit external data bus, and supports 1 mb of memory. The Intel 8088 also supports the Intel 8087 numeric co-processor that enables it to recognize and process floating point data and instructions.
The Intel 8088 was developed primarily using high density, short channel MOS (HMOS) technology with some CHMOS versions too. It came in 40- and 44-pin designs.
The Intel 8088 was the processor used in the original IBM PCs.
intel pentium Series
March 22nd marked the anniversary of Intel’s release of fifth generation microarchitecture with the Pentium processors making their first appearance in 1993. X86 compatible, the Pentiums superseded Intel’s 486 technology and became a global brand which has extended over 2 decades.
Having been working on the design since 1989, with the launch of Pentium came the first generation of chips to over superscalar architecture, allowing for faster throughput through dual pipelines, and with 3.1million transistors the 60–66 MHz chip also included an improved faster floating point unit (FPU). This latter feature would result in a difficult time for Intel following the discovery of what was named the FDIV bug, with the company having to offer replacement chips to all customers even though the problem itself was only ever experience by a select few as it involved occasional generation of incorrect results when completing complex math calculation.
The Pentium range grew to include the Pentium Pro launched in 1995 which provided Intel’s P6 microarchitecture, and the Pentium MMX which allowed for improved performance on multimedia tasks with the addition of 57 MMX instructions. With the growth in the mobile market, Intel launched the Pentium II the following year, with the Pentium III then appearing in February 1999.
Intel offered higher clock frequencies with the Pentium 4 in 2000 which featured NetBurst microarchitecture for the first time, and in 2003 introduced the Pentium M again offering greater power efficiency. 2006 marked the first appearance of Pentium Dual-Core technology and a change in Intel’s naming process, from then on Intel’s Core microarchitecture would feature with the release of its’ Intel Core 2 Duo Processors followed by the 2nd and 3rd generation releases in 2010 and 2012.
From 2007 , intel began to adopt its tick-tock model for processor improvement
A tick adavances manufacture technology and a tock delivers new microarchitecture
intel core i series
Intel’s Core i3, i5 and i7 processors launched with the Nehalem microarchitecture and the company’s 45 nm production process in 2008. The architecture was scaled to 32 nm (Westmere) in 2010 and provided the foundation for Intel processors covering the Celeron, Pentium Core and Xeon brands. Westmere scaled to up to eight cores, up to 3.33 GHz clock speed, and up to 2.3 billion transistors.
Intel updated its Core-i series of processors in 2013 with the debut of the 22 nm Haswell microarchitecture, which replaced the 2011 Sandy Bridge architecture.
With the introduction of Haswell, Intel also introduced the Y SKU suffix for its new low-power processors designed for ultrabooks and high-end tablets (10- to 15-watt TDP). Haswell scaled up to 18 cores with the Haswell-EP line of Xeon processors, which featured up to 5.69 billion transistors and clock speeds of up to 4.4 GHz
Broadwell
With its fourth generation of modern processors, 2015 was the year when 14 nm architecture became the default. After a period of downsizing from 45 nm in 2010 to 22 nm with Haswell, Broadwell was 37% smaller than its immediate predecessor. Battery life could also be expanded by 1.5 hours, with faster wake times.Other benefits of Broadwell included improved graphics performance with two-channel DDR3L-1333/1600 RAM via 1150 LGA sockets.
Skylake
In the same way Android used to have dessert-themed brands, each generation of Intel processor released since 2015 has had a lake-themed title. Skylake was the first, launched just seven months after Broadwell but returning a 10% improvement in instructions per clock (IPC) thanks to microarchitecture improvements.These chips were considerably more expensive, limiting their appeal, and their cache was slightly smaller than Broadwell even though speeds could reach 4 GHz. They were used exclusively in Xeon processors, where Broadwell had been used in Celeron, Pentium, Xeon and Core M chips.
Kaby Lake
The first Intel microprocessor to turn its back on the company’s iconic “tick-tock” manufacturing and design model, Kaby Lake was also significant for being the first Intel hardware incompatible with Windows 8 or older iterations.Improvements over Skylake included faster CPU clock speeds and clock speed changes, though IPC figures were unchanged. It offered superior 4K video processing and was used in Core, Pentium and Celeron processors — but, significantly, not Xeon. A later refresh of Kaby Lake in early 2017 introduced R models, with support for DDR4–2666 RAM.
Ice Lake
After the Core-based Coffee Lake generation, 2017’s third processor was the 10th-generation Ice Lake. Introducing a 10 nm process, this was the first CPU architecture equipped with Wi-Fi 6 and Thunderbolt 3 support, reflecting the move toward ever-faster transfer speeds and connectivity.Ice Lake is available on Core and Xeon processors, with the SP variant launched in April 2021 with a 3.7GHz max CPU clock rate and up to 40 cores. Capable of executing over 1 teraflop of computing performance, it uses BGA1526 sockets.
Tiger Lake
The most recent 11th-generation Intel Core mobile processors have been christened Tiger Lake. They’ve replaced the Ice Lake mobile processors, offering both dual- and quad-core models. This is the first processor since Skylake to be marketed with the Celeron, Pentium, Core and Xeon brands simultaneously.As the third generation of 10 nm processors, Tiger Lake chips are specifically designed for lightweight gaming laptops. They offer refresh rates of 100 fps, while the Core i9–11980HK offers a maximum boost clock speed of 5 GHz.
Generation and chip names
Intel processors over the years
1971–81: The 4004
1978–82: iAPX 86–8086, 8088 and 80186 (16-bit)
1981: iAPX 432
1982: 80286
1985–94: 386 and 376
1989: 486 and i860
1993: Pentium (P5, i586)
1994–99: Bumps in the road
1995: Pentium Pro (P6, i686)
1997: Pentium II and Pentium II Xeon
1998: Celeron
1999: Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon
2000: Pentium 4
2001: Xeon, Itanium
2002: Hyper-Threading
2003: Pentium M
2005: Pentium D
2005–09: Terascale Computing Research Program
2006: Core 2 Duo
2007: Intel vPro
2008: Core i-Series, Atom
2010: HD Graphics, Many Integrated Core Architecture and Xeon Phi
2012: Intel SoCs
2013: Core-i Series — Haswell
2015: Broadwell, Skylake
2016: Kaby Lake
2017: Ice Lake
2020: Tiger Lake
conclusion
Summarising, present study concerns about intel’s journey as leading semiconductor chip manufacturer by revenue and is the developer of x86 series of microprocessors. This blog provides brief intro about intel’s superior journey through supreme microprocessor developer and various intel’s x86 processors .Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network cards and ICs, flash memory, graphics chips, embedded processors, and other devices related to communications and computing. During his tenure as CEO, Grove oversaw a 4,500% increase in Intel’s market capitalization from $18 billion to $197 billion, making it, at the time, the world’s most valuable company.
Nowadays intel is getting competetion from amd but like in old days there was no one who can challenge intel as a result you can see why intel processor are costly than amd ryzen one because intel capture the market and it has good relationship with the laptop and desktop making company so they prefer to introduce intel’s processor in their new machine.
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