Existentialism, Effects of Alienation and Freudian Psychoanalysis: Explored in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis
BY KINJAL BISWAS
Introduction :
Franz Kafka, one of the most influential writers of the 20th century, delved deep into the human psyche, dissecting the complexities of existence and the pervasive sense of alienation in modern society. His renowned novella, “Metamorphosis,” serves as a compelling embodiment of these themes, presenting a striking existential exploration of identity, isolation, and the human condition. Published in 1915, “Metamorphosis” tells the peculiar tale of Gregor Samsa, a travelling salesman who awakens one morning to find himself transformed into a monstrous insect-like creature. While the physical transformation sets the stage for the narrative, it is the psychological and emotional ramifications that truly captivate readers and unveil Kafka’s profound existential approach. In this article, we will examine the existential elements present in Kafka’s “Metamorphosis” and explore the effects of alienation on the human psyche as portrayed through the character of Gregor Samsa. We will delve into the themes of identity crisis, estrangement, and the struggle for acceptance, aiming to shed light on the universal human experience of feeling disconnected from oneself and the world. Kafka’s unique narrative style, characterised by surrealism and absurdity, intertwines with his exploration of alienation to expose the inherent absurdity of human existence itself. As we analyse Gregor’s transformation and subsequent isolation from his family and society, we will unravel the layers of meaning embedded within the text, unravelling the metaphorical significance of the insect-like creature and its implications for the individual’s relationship with others.
Chapter 1 — Existentialism :
The protagonist, Gregor Samsa, experiences profound alienation throughout the story. He feels out of place and estranged from himself and others due to the judgement and perception of those around him. This alienation is reflected in Kafka’s own life, as he had a strained relationship with his dominating father and felt like an insect in his presence. The theme of absurdity is also evident in the story. Gregor finds life absurd as his expectations are not fulfilled by the indifferent world. Kafka believed that the human condition went beyond tragedy or depression and that the whole human race was the product of one of God’s bad days. Gregor’s main concern is to make people understand his helpless situation, but he is ultimately misunderstood and deemed a burden by his family. Alienation is further explored in the novella through Gregor’s detachment from his physical features and his family. He undergoes a physical transformation into an insect, losing his human qualities and becoming estranged from his own body. His family distances themselves from him, treating him as an insect even before his transformation. They decide to keep him locked in a room, further isolating him. Gregor’s workplace and society also alienate him, as he dislikes his job and is met with rejection and abandonment. The other characters in the story also contribute to the absurdity. They do not question why Gregor has transformed but instead isolate him in his room, unable to comprehend his feelings and needs. Their lack of understanding deepens the divide between Gregor and the rest of the world. When the chief clerk visits their home, Gregor’s attempt to stop him is misconstrued as an act of aggression. Even when Gregor’s sister plays the violin, hoping to bring him solace, her intentions are misinterpreted. The gap in understanding and empathy further emphasises Gregor’s sense of absurdity and his ultimate alienation from society. In Kafka’s exploration of the human condition within an industrialised world, “The Metamorphosis” highlights the existential crisis and alienation experienced by individuals. Gregor’s life before and after his transformation mirrors the absurdity of modern existence, where routine work and financial obligations take precedence over personal fulfilment. The novella serves as a reflection of the alienation and absurdity that many people face today, feeling disconnected and trapped in a world dominated by monotonous routines. Kafka’s work resonates with individuals who strive to find meaning in their lives amidst the oppressive weight of societal expectations, echoing the themes explored in Albert Camus’ “The Myth of Sisyphus.”
Chapter 2 — Alienation in Marxian Philosophy :
Gregor Samsa’s metamorphosis in Franz Kafka’s novel can also be interpreted as a representation of alienation, a concept deeply rooted in the ideas of Karl Marx. Alienation refers to the sense of disconnection and estrangement that individuals experience in capitalist societies, where their labour becomes a means of survival rather than a source of fulfilment and self-expression. Gregor Samsa’s transformation into a giant insect serves as a metaphorical depiction of his alienated existence. Prior to his metamorphosis, Gregor dedicates his entire life to his job as a travelling salesman, working tirelessly to support his family and pay off his father’s debts. He becomes completely consumed by his role as a breadwinner, neglecting his own desires and aspirations. This selfless dedication to his family’s financial needs mirrors the way workers in capitalist societies are often reduced to mere labourers, disconnected from their true selves and forced to prioritise economic survival over personal fulfilment. The oppressive nature of Gregor’s job further contributes to his sense of alienation. As a travelling salesman, he is subject to the demands and expectations of his office manager, who emphasises punctuality and adherence to the rules. Gregor’s constant worry about being late for work reflects the pressure and control imposed upon workers in capitalist systems, where their time and actions are strictly regulated by employers. This power dynamic reinforces the sense of alienation, as workers like Gregor become mere cogs in the machinery of the capitalist system, devoid of autonomy and agency. Moreover, Gregor’s relationship with his family exemplifies the alienation experienced by individuals in capitalist societies. Despite his tireless efforts to provide for them, his family shows little empathy or understanding towards his transformation. They view him as a burden and an inconvenience rather than a human being, highlighting the way capitalist societies can dehumanise individuals and reduce them to economic entities. The economic struggles faced by Gregor’s family also reflect Marx’s theory of alienation. Samsa’s failed business venture and subsequent job as a bank messenger illustrate the precariousness and instability of the capitalist economy. The constant pressure to earn money and pay off debts becomes a central theme in the story, further emphasising the alienating effects of capitalism on individuals and their relationships. In sum, Gregor Samsa’s metamorphosis in Kafka’s “Metamorphosis” can be seen as a powerful representation of alienation, drawing upon Marx’s ideas. Through Gregor’s transformation, the novel explores the dehumanising effects of capitalist systems, where individuals are alienated from their true selves, their labour, and their relationships. It serves as a critique of the alienating nature of modern society, where individuals are reduced to mere economic actors, disconnected from their own humanity.
Chapter 3 — Freudian Psychoanalysis :
The psychological analysis of Gregor Samsa’s personality in Franz Kafka’s “Metamorphosis” is explored through the lens of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis. The analysis delves into the concepts of Id, Ego, and Superego and their relevance to Samsa’s transformation into a bed bug. Starting with the Id, which represents the primal instincts and desires for immediate gratification, Samsa’s yearning to sleep longer and escape the pressures of his work as a salesman is indicative of this aspect. His id-driven desire to indulge in physical pleasure and avoid responsibilities highlights his innermost desires and impulses. Moreover, the burdens of providing for his family and the resulting repressed anxieties and frustrations further intensify his internal conflict. Moving on to the Ego, which represents the conscious aspect of personality, Samsa’s awareness and questioning of his transformation showcase his ego-driven attempts to make sense of the situation. His ego functions as a mediator between his id and the external reality, as he attempts to maintain a human facade while coping with the overwhelming challenges he faces. The ego reflects his anxieties and fears about his transformed existence, and his attempts to navigate through the expectations of his family and society. The Superego, representing the moral standards and societal norms, is seen in Samsa’s adherence to his family’s expectations even after his transformation. Despite his newfound physical form, he still follows his mother’s call to go to work, demonstrating his ingrained obedience and conformity to societal expectations. The Superego is a driving force behind his actions and decisions, showcasing his internalisation of societal values and the need to meet the demands imposed on him. Samsa’s personality is intricately connected to his repressed emotions and desires. His id, ego, and superego are in constant conflict, with his suppressed emotions finding a peculiar form of expression through his transformation into an animal. This metamorphosis serves as a symbol of his inner turmoil and the frustrations that he cannot express directly. The isolation and alienation he experiences highlight the psychological strain he endures. Ultimately, feeling abandoned and detached from the world, Samsa chooses to die alone. This act signifies his ultimate disconnection from society and his inability to reconcile his transformed existence with the expectations placed upon him. Kafka’s personal life and struggles, particularly his troubled relationship with his father and feelings of oppression, resonate in the protagonist, adding an extra layer of depth to the story and creating a powerful connection between Samsa and the author. Through an exploration of the existential approach and effects of alienation in Franz Kafka’s “Metamorphosis,” we have delved into the profound themes that permeate the novella and resonate with readers to this day. Kafka’s masterful storytelling and his examination of identity crisis, estrangement, and the struggle for acceptance invite us to reflect on the universal human experience of feeling disconnected from oneself and the world.
