介面設計/科技是如何綁架人的行為?
在年假結束的尾端,用了幾天的時間閱讀了一些關於數據分析(Amplitude)、行銷分析工具應用(Facebook後台、廣告投放分析工具、Commun.it)、使用者行為以及Fintech的文章與書籍,在這段時間會慢慢的把它們整理成心得記錄下來,同時看看是否能夠運用在實作上面來跟各位夥伴分享。
註:對於產品數據分析有興趣的夥伴,Amplitude上面有大量的相關內容可以參考,包含Cohort分析的使用、尋找產品的Core Value、如何提升Retention rate以及如何分析數據的正確性等等,個人是覺得還滿有趣的啦XD。
How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds — from a Magician and Google’s Design Ethicist 是一篇從去年開始我已經重複閱讀第三次的文章,每次都還是帶給我一些在設計/開發上面新的思維,這次決定稍微整理一下其中的內容並加上一些自己的想法,這篇文章中最有趣的點在於我們現在都拼命的朝著“Hijacks Perople’s Minds”這個方向努力中,致力於提高使用者的黏性與使用時間;但是這個方向在作者的思維裡面卻能夠以另外一種反面的價值存在於使用者體驗的設計當中。每一項論點的背後都有附上部分英文的原文,如果懶得閱讀整篇文章的話藉由截取後原文的內容應該可以抓到我希望記錄下來的重點。
強力推薦大家可以花個半小時到一小時閱讀這篇文章,同時思考每一項論點討論的價值跟意義。
原文:How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds — from a Magician and Google’s Design Ethicist
Hijack #1: If You Control the Menu, You Control the Choices
只有當你能夠實際控制你的「選單」,你才能夠真正控制你的選擇。在我們嘗試作出選擇的那個時間點,我們往往已經忽略掉那些在背後被操控或是第一時間就已經被過濾掉的選項。
不管使用的是Google、Airbnb、Yelp、Tripadvisor、Pinkoi 或是任何一個「能夠幫助你」進行選擇的服務,它們的背後其實都隱藏了太多看不見的利益價值(跟演算法)。站在一個產品開發、利益導向的立場,一個顯然與原作者背道而馳的方向(笑),我們或多或少都曾花費過大量的心力去琢磨出這樣的一個「選單」,盡可能的引導使用者在操作過程中做出我們期待的選擇;我們在做的可能是加速使用者在某個階段的操作流程,並讓他們花費更多的時間去沈浸在產品所塑造出來的服務價值裡面(或是更多的金錢?),作為一個產品開發者/設計者而言,這樣的操作行為其實就是你賺錢的開始。
那...作為一個使用者呢?注意到這點的同時,你也會突然發現一張精心挑選過的照片(Airbnb,Ubereat)、一段文字或是一個折扣,對於使用者(你)在「選擇」上面能夠產生的影響力其實是相當巨大的,在這樣的影響力下我們其實很有可能錯失了最適合你的選擇,即使你使用的服務總是標榜「我們能夠你找出最適合你的選擇」;如果我們能夠花費更多的注意力在使用者/或是自己的選擇上面,就越可以發現使用者真正的需求會是什麼,同時盡可能地避免自己被各式各樣的選擇所束縛。
By shaping the menus we pick from, technology hijacks the way we perceive our choices and replaces them with new ones. But the closer we pay attention to the options we’re given, the more we’ll notice when they don’t actually align with our true needs.
For example, imagine you’re out with friends on a Tuesday night and want to keep the conversation going. You open Yelp to find nearby recommendations and see a list of bars. The group turns into a huddle of faces staring down at their phones comparing bars. They scrutinize the photos of each, comparing cocktail drinks. Is this menu still relevant to the original desire of the group?
It’s not that bars aren’t a good choice, it’s that Yelp substituted the group’s original question (“where can we go to keep talking?”) with a different question (“what’s a bar with good photos of cocktails?”) all by shaping the menu.
Hijack #2: Put a Slot Machine In a Billion Pockets & Hijack #6: Bottomless bowls, Infinite Feeds, and Autoplay
吃角子老虎機般的黏著性,與無止境的內容清單。
資料顯示,人們一天平均會查看自己的手機150次。我們期待著每一個的變化可能帶來的利益價值,也就是作者於文章中提到的intermittent variable rewards。一個滑動刷新的行為手勢、不定時的優惠通知或是自動播放的程式功能站在產品開發的立場它可能會是一個「好的介面設計」,畢竟任何一項都能夠大幅度地提升使用者的黏著性;滑動著幾乎找不到終點的 Facebook 或是 Instagram,擔心自己錯過什麼的同時期許能夠從中獲得社群的認同感,在這樣反覆過程中產生的多巴胺逐漸導致上癮的操作行為,Bang!你成功了!。但如果站在使用者的立場,我們在無意識間其實花費了「過多的時間」進行價值極低的操作行為,即使你已經意識到這項事實,並決定開始進行改變為自己訂下制約—別忘了此時此刻正有著數百數千的工程師、設計師在努力讓你永遠離不開他們的產品呢(笑)。(抱歉,小弟正是其中一個🙏)
The average person checks their phone 150 times a day. Why do we do this? Are we making 150 conscious choices? Does this effect really work on people? Yes. Slot machines make more money in the United States than baseball, movies, and theme parks combined.
But here’s the unfortunate truth — several billion people have a slot machine their pocket:
- When we pull our phone out of our pocket, we’re playing a slot machine to see what notifications we got.
- When we pull to refresh our email, we’re playing a slot machine to see what new email we got.
- When we swipe down our finger to scroll the Instagram feed, we’re playing a slot machine to see what photo comes next.
- When we swipe faces left/right on dating apps like Tinder, we’re playing a slot machine to see if we got a match.
- When we tap the # of red notifications, we’re playing a slot machine to what’s underneath.
Hijack #3: Fear of Missing Something Important (FOMSI)
“1% chance you could be missing something important.”
站在產品開發的立場,如果我能夠讓你相信我的產品/服務是重要的或是極具價值的,從這個時間點開始你已經陷入FOMSI的制約裡面(害怕從我這邊錯過些什麼),這其實也是為什麼有越來越多的產品提供訂閱服務、撰寫相關的Blog Post,運用各種方式去建立產品的形象提高自身的服務價值。那…作為一個使用者的我們需要了解的是—除非你是一個徹徹底底24小時的使用者,否則我們其實一直活在「錯過些什麼」裡面,一旦能夠跳脫這樣的價值束縛,你會意識到我們並沒有錯過那些「我們沒有看到的」、「我們可能認為很重要的」訊息。
Another way apps and websites hijack people’s minds is by inducing a “1% chance you could be missing something important.”
But if we zoom into that fear, we’ll discover that it’s unbounded: we’ll always miss something important at any point when we stop using something.
We don’t miss what we don’t see.
The thought, “what if I miss something important?” is generated in advance of unplugging, unsubscribing, or turning off — not after. Imagine if tech companies recognized that, and helped us proactively tune our relationships with friends and businesses in terms of what we define as “time well spent” for our lives, instead of in terms of what we might miss.
- You do me a favor — I owe you one next time.
- You say, “thank you” — I have to say “you’re welcome.”
- You send me an email — it’s rude not to get back to you.
- You follow me — it’s rude not to follow you back. (especially for teenagers)
Hijack #4: Social Approval & Hijack #5: Social Reciprocity (Tit-for-tat)
OOO標注了你在他的相片裡面;OOO送出了交友邀請給你。
從上面兩點簡單的案例不難發現,這樣常見的社群認同跟社群互惠的行為也是為什麼社群性會是許多產品的一個目標方向,因為他人的存在可以大幅度的影響產品在他們心中的價值,就如同 Facebook 數據呈現的結果—「在前十天新增超過7個好友的使用者會大幅度地提高持續使用Facebook的可能性」;做為社群(人)中的一份子我們都很難跳脫這樣的制約,不由自主的受到社群行為的影響,逐漸花費越來越多的時間在可能不必要的互動上面。
We’re all vulnerable to social approval. The need to belong, to be approved or appreciated by our peers is among the highest human motivations. But now our social approval is in the hands of tech companies.
When I get tagged by my friend Marc, I imagine him making a conscious choice to tag me. But I don’t see how a company like Facebook orchestrated his doing that in the first place.
Hijack #7: Instant Interruption vs. “Respectful” Delivery
利用更大的誘因或制約性中斷你原先的操作行為(尚未拆分開來的Facebook Messenger),促使你進行產品開發者期待的操作行為。
Given the choice, Facebook Messenger (or WhatsApp, WeChat or SnapChat for that matter) would prefer to design their messaging system to interrupt recipients immediately (and show a chat box) instead of helping users respect each other’s attention.
In other words, interruption is good for business.
It’s also in their interest to heighten the feeling of urgency and social reciprocity. For example, Facebook automatically tells the sender when you “saw” their message, instead of letting you avoid disclosing whether you read it(“now that you know I’ve seen the message, I feel even more obligated to respond.”)
Hijack #8: Bundling Your Reasons with Their Reasons Hijack #9: Inconvenient Choices & Hijack #10: Forecasting Errors, “Foot in the Door” strategies
藉由無意識的複雜度提升,提升背後潛藏的利益價值。
舉例來說,Facebook 並不會讓你搜尋「特定日期」的Po文,因為它希望讓你花費更多的時間在他的服務上面;Facebook 也不會讓你使用其他的第三方服務進行登入;拍賣網站不會讓你有機會連到其他網站購買;取消訂閱的流程總是比較複雜等等,這些操作行為都有著顯而易見的背後利益價值,作為產品開發者畢竟不是善心事業(笑),即便這樣的流程設計某種程度上是違反「使用者體驗最佳化」的,我們仍然會往這樣的方向進行設計;有趣的點在於這些「使用缺陷」促生而成的新服務(比價網站,Facebook數據整理),也許變相的成為作者期許 Time Well Spent world 的一種實現吧。
#8
Another way apps hijack you is by taking your reasons for visiting the app (to perform a task) and make them inseparable from the app’s business reasons(maximizing how much we consume once we’re there).
For example, in the physical world of grocery stores, the #1 and #2 most popular reasons to visit are pharmacy refills and buying milk. But grocery stores want to maximize how much people buy, so they put the pharmacy and the milk at the back of the store.
In other words, they make the thing customers want (milk, pharmacy) inseparable from what the business wants. If stores were truly organized to support people, they would put the most popular items in the front.
#9
Businesses naturally want to make the choices they want you to make easier, and the choices they don’t want you to make harder. Magicians do the same thing. You make it easier for a spectator to pick the thing you want them to pick, and harder to pick the thing you don’t.
#10
People don’t intuitively forecast the true cost of a click when it’s presented to them. Sales people use “foot in the door” techniques by asking for a small innocuous request to begin with (“just one click to see which tweet got retweeted”) and escalate from there (“why don’t you stay awhile?”). Virtually all engagement websites use this trick.
Imagine if web browsers and smartphones, the gateways through which people make these choices, were truly watching out for people and helped them forecast the consequences of clicks (based on real data about what benefits and costs it actually had?).
Time Well Spent world
Time Well Spent world 是一個往本質「Design For Humanity」前進的設計計畫,目前討論的內容主要以介面上面的操作行為為主,落實真正的「使用者為中心」的價值進行設計。對於使用者而言這是一個非常、非常完美的計畫,但是對於新創,中小型服務而言其實是具有相當困難度的,如何在不違背上述十點的情況下提升使用者的黏性...好難啊XD,品牌價值、故事性會是相當重要的一個環節。在使用過印象較深刻的產品裡面,目前只有 Airbnb 能符合我心中「Design For Humanity」這樣的設計模式,再去年進一步推出 Airbnb Trip(雖然我還沒有用過啦XD)的服務之後,相信 Airbnb 建立起來的品牌價值跟情感深度能夠提升到另外一個高度;Airbnb 並沒有在上面提到的十個「綁架點」中嘗試綁架使用者去提升使用者的黏度與使用時間(好啦,除了電子信之外),卻能夠讓使用者在訂下機票的同時,打開 Airbnb 開始計畫下一段旅程呢(笑)。