Quadratic Roots for a Modulo of a Prime of 5 (mod 8)
Public key encryption has a range of number theoretic problems, of which there is no actual proof of security [1]:
These are intractable at the current time with the right parameters. For example, RSA depends on FACTORING and RSAP. With this, if we have C= M^e (mod N), then it is difficult to determine M, even if we know C, e and N (RSAP). Also, since the modulus (N) is made up of two prime numbers (N=p.q), we also have FACTORING.
One of the number theoretic problems is SQROOT, we have the form of:
x²=a (mod N)
a is then the square root of a modulo N. For example, if N=32, we can have:
18²=4 (mod32)
Thus the square root of 18 modulo 32 is 4 — and which is known as the quadratic residue.
Overall, it is a hard problem to compute if N is a composite number, but can be computed efficiently if it is a prime number.
Square root modulo with a prime number
If we have the form of x²=a (mod p), we must find a value of x which results in a value of a (mod p). It is…