The Invisible Threat: QR Code Attacks and Defensive Strategies

Published in

AVM Consulting Blog

6 min readNov 27, 2023

In today’s fast-paced digital age, QR (Quick Response) codes have become an integral part of our lives. These matrix barcodes are used for everything from making payments and accessing websites to contactless check-ins at venues. Amid the pandemic’s tech changes, QR code use soared, but so did risks. Attackers exploit QR codes to swipe data and run scams. While QR codes offer convenience, they also present potential security risks. In this article, we’ll explore QR code attacks, their implications, and the countermeasures you can take to protect yourself and your data.

Ivanti’s QRurb Your Enthusiasm 2021 report reveals a global spike in QR code use for contactless transactions, yet there is a lag in securing against QR threats. As per the report, 83% of respondents said they had used a QR code for a financial transaction in the past three months, but most of them were unaware of the risks. Only 47% knew that scanning a QR code could open a URL and 37% knew that it could download an application. Users scan codes everywhere, desiring broader payment use, yet also using unsecured devices for remote work and cloud apps. This poses risks to personal and enterprise data, urging a balance between convenience and security.

The Rising Popularity of QR Codes

QR codes have gained widespread popularity due to their versatility. They are used in various contexts:

· Payments: Mobile payment apps like PayPal, Venmo, and digital wallets often use QR codes to facilitate transactions.

· Login: Login with QR code feature as a secure way to login into accounts

· Marketing: Marketers use QR codes on product packaging, flyers, and posters to provide quick access to promotional content.

· Website Links: Scanning QR codes can quickly direct you to a website or specific web page.

· Event Ticketing: Many event organizers use QR codes as electronic tickets for concerts, conferences, and exhibitions.

· Restaurant Menus: Particularly after the pandemic, QR codes have been used in restaurants to provide contactless menu access.

· Public Transport: QR codes on transport passes or at stations for ticket validation or providing schedule information.

· Inventory Management: Businesses employ QR codes to track inventory, making it easier to manage stock levels and logistics.

· Education: Teachers use QR codes in educational materials to link students directly to supplemental resources or videos.

· Healthcare: Hospitals and clinics utilize QR codes in patient wristbands for easy access to medical records and information.

· Authentication and Security: Two-factor authentication systems employ QR codes for secure logins or verification processes.

· Tourism and Travel: Travel guides use QR codes at landmarks or attractions to provide visitors with additional information.

These are just a few examples showcasing the diverse applications of QR codes across various industries and everyday scenarios.

QR Code Attacks: What You Need to Know

While QR codes offer convenience, they can also be exploited by cybercriminals. Here are some common QR code attacks and their implications:

1. Quishing (Malicious URL Attacks)

Quishing involves threat actors sending a phishing email that includes a harmful QR code attachment. When the recipient scans this code, it redirects them to a fraudulent webpage designed to collect sensitive information such as login credentials.

Imagine getting an email with a sneaky QR code inside. If you scan it, instead of going where you expect, it takes you to a fake webpage that pretends to be real. It’s like someone sending you a link that looks normal but actually tries to steal your important passwords when you click it.

2. QRLjacking (Credential Theft)

QRLjacking exploits the Quick Response Code Login (QRL) system commonly used by organizations as an alternative to password-based authentication. With QRL, users access their accounts by scanning an encrypted QR code containing login credentials.

This method resembles a social engineering attack and enables session hijacking, impacting all accounts utilizing the Login with QR code feature. In a QRLjacking scenario, attackers deceive unsuspecting users into scanning a manipulated QR code instead of the authentic one. Upon scanning the malicious code, the victim’s device becomes compromised, granting the attacker full control over the device.

Imagine using a special code to quickly log into your accounts instead of typing passwords. But some sneaky folks make fake versions of these codes. When you use their fake one, they take over your device, kind of like someone tricking you into opening a door for them, but instead, they get control of everything inside.

3. Fake Payment Requests

Scammers possess the capability to generate deceptive QR codes designed to prompt users to make payments directly into the fraudster’s accounts. Through this tactic, unsuspecting individuals are misled into transferring funds, believing they are fulfilling legitimate transactions.

Imagine someone creating a QR code that, when scanned, tricks you into thinking you’re paying for something you want, but instead, the money goes straight to the scammer’s pocket. It’s like thinking you’re buying a concert ticket, but your payment actually goes to someone trying to trick you.

4. Data Theft

When scanned, QR codes can be engineered with malicious intent to pilfer valuable data like Wi-Fi access details or personal contact information. These codes, seemingly harmless at first glance, can stealthily harvest sensitive data, putting users’ privacy and security at risk.

Think of QR codes like secret traps: some might seem harmless, but they can actually sneakily grab important stuff from your phone, like your Wi-Fi password or contact info. It’s like a seemingly innocent puzzle that, when solved, secretly takes your private stuff without you knowing.

Furthermore, threat actors employ “honeypot” methods, luring individuals by offering free Wi-Fi networks capable of scanning QR Codes. They also engage in the substitution of authentic QR codes in public areas with deceptive ones, directing users to phishing sites. These malicious QR codes have the potential to link a victim’s device to a harmful network, exposing their location and enabling unauthorized transactions. The majority of fraudulent QR codes can circumvent conventional security measures that solely scrutinize email or website content rather than suspicious barcode elements.

QR Code Security Best Practices

To protect yourself from QR code attacks, consider these best practices:

1. Be Cautious When Scanning

Always scrutinize QR codes before scanning them. Ensure they come from trusted sources and serve a legitimate purpose.

2. Use a QR Code Scanner with Security Features

Opt for a QR code scanner app that offers security features, such as URL scanning and safety checks.

3. Verify URLs

Before visiting a website linked through a QR code, manually type the URL in your browser to verify its authenticity.

4. Regularly Update Apps

Keep your mobile apps, including QR code scanners, updated to patch security vulnerabilities.

5. Enable Two-Factor Authentication

Activate two-factor authentication (2FA) on your accounts to add an extra layer of security.

6. Educate Yourself and Others

Stay informed about the latest QR code scams and educate friends and family about the risks.

Conclusion

QR codes have undoubtedly made our lives more convenient, but they are not without risks. As their use continues to grow, so do the opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit them. By staying vigilant and following security best practices, you can enjoy the benefits of QR codes while protecting your digital world.

Remember, convenience should never come at the cost of security. Stay safe, stay informed, and keep scanning those QR codes responsibly!