Is species richness increasing?: An intense ecological debate
Scientists explain the complexities behind a controversy that has plagued the biology and ecology communities for decades
By Richard B. Primack, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, and Vincent Devictor
Could biodiversity be remaining steady at locations around the world, even as species go extinct and biodiversity declines globally? This question has created a stir among conservation biologists and ecologists that has lasted for 15 years. It affects the core tenets of conservation biology: How do humans influence biodiversity? And how do we set and measure conservation goals?
We critically review this debate in an editorial recently published in the international scientific journal Biological Conservation.
Many recent ecological studies have found the surprising result that the number of species (i.e., species richness) at sites around the world has remained stable on average or is even increasing. These sites include a wide range of species and habitats — plants and animals; and forests, grasslands, freshwaters, and oceans.
But ecologists disagree on how to interpret the results. Some argue that the trends should not be considered as true “global” patterns of changes in local biodiversity because the studies exclude sites that were paved or turned to farmland, include many sites recovering from past disturbance (e.g., abandoned farmland returning to forests), and include sites that are not evenly distributed around the world. These ecologists argue that a fair analysis would conclude that biodiversity is generally declining both globally and locally.
Still, at a large number of locations, including work we have done ourselves in Concord, Massachusetts, the number of species is holding steady or increasing. How could that occur at the same time that hundreds of birds, mammals, and other species have already gone extinct around the world, and thousands more are declining and threatened with extinction?
The answer seems to be that human influence is leading to the loss of many native species from specific locations, but in cases when people don’t wholly transform natural habitats by paving or farming them, many of those lost species are “replaced” by native or nonnative species that arrive and become established. In some places, such as New Zealand and Hawaii, the influx of nonnative species is so great that they have many more species now than they did 200 years ago. (These new species do not necessarily replace the ecological functions or niches that the lost native species filled.)
These findings highlight the need for conservation biologists to avoid oversimplification when making the case for conservation and selecting indicators of success. “More species is good” is a seductively straightforward and attractive argument. However, it ignores scale (biodiversity can increase locally, but decline globally), it ignores ecological processes and interactions, and it ignores many other aspects of biodiversity — such as changes in ecosystem services and loss of genetic variation — less obvious to non-biologists. It also misses the ethical, cultural, and aesthetic values of certain species and ecological communities, such as monarch butterflies and redwood forests. These aspects of biodiversity can still be damaged or lost, even as species richness remains steady or increases.
Debates like this one help us identify and address key questions and problems in conservation biology, and help us generate the shared understanding necessary to advance the field and achieve conservation goals on the ground.
Richard Primack is a professor in the Boston University Biology Department.
Abraham J. Miller Rushing works for the National Park Service at Acadia National Park (and received his Ph.D. at BU).
Vincent Devictor is a professor at the University of Montpellier in France.
A version of this article was originally published in the journal Biological Conservation.
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