Human-Computer Interaction

Human–computer interaction (HCI) is research in the design and the use of computer technology, which focuses on the between people (users) and computer. HCI researchers observe the ways humans interact with computers and design technologies that allow humans to interact with computers in novel ways. A device that allows interaction between human being and a computer is known as a “Human-computer Interface (HCI)”.

HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE

The human–computer interface can be described as the point of communication between the human user and the computer. The flow of information between the human and computer is defined as the loop of interaction. The loop of interaction has several aspects to it, including:

• Visual Based: The visual-based human–computer interaction is probably the most widespread human–computer interaction (HCI) research area.
• Audio Based: The audio-based interaction between a computer and a human is another important area of HCI systems. This area deals with information acquired by different audio signals.
• Task environment: The conditions and goals set upon the user.
• Machine environment: The computer’s environment is connected to, e.g., a laptop in a college student’s dorm room.
• Areas of the interface: Non-overlapping areas involve the processes related to humans and computers themselves, while the overlapping areas only involve the processes related to their interaction.
• Input flow: The flow of information begins in the task environment when the user has some task requiring using their computer.
• Output: The flow of information that originates in the machine environment.
• Feedback: Loops through the interface that evaluate, moderate, and confirm processes as they pass from the human through the interface to the computer and back.
• Fit: This matches the computer design, the user, and the task to optimize the human resources needed to accomplish the task.

IMPORTANCE ….

1.HCI in daily lives

Today, technology has penetrated our routine lives and has impacted our daily activities. To experience HCI technology, one need not own or use a smartphone or computer. When people use an ATM, food dispensing machine, or snack vending machine, they inevitably come in contact with HCI. This is because HCI plays a vital role in designing the interfaces of such systems that make them usable and efficient.

2. Industry

Industries that use computing technology for day-to-day activities tend to consider HCI a necessary business-driving force. Efficiently designed systems ensure that employees are comfortable using the systems for their everyday work. With HCI, systems are easy to handle, even for untrained staff.

HCI is critical for designing safety systems such as those used in air traffic control (ATC) or power plants. The aim of HCI, in such cases, is to make sure that the system is accessible to any non-expert individual who can handle safety-critical situations if the need arises.

3. Accessible to disabled

The primary objective of HCI is to design systems that make them accessible, usable, efficient, and safe for anyone and everyone. This implies that people with a wide range of capabilities, expertise, and knowledge can easily use HCI-designed systems. It also encompasses people with disabilities. HCI tends to rely on user-centered techniques and methods to make systems usable for people with disabilities.

4. An integral part of software success

HCI is an integral part of software development companies that develop software for end-users. Such companies use HCI techniques to develop software products to make them usable. Since the product is finally consumed by the end-user, following HCI methods is crucial as the product’s sales depend on its usability.

5. Useful for untrained communities

Today, user manuals for general computer systems are a rarity. Very few advanced and complex computing systems provide user manuals. In general, users expect the systems to be user-friendly and enable them to access the system within a few minutes of interacting with it. Here, HCI is an effective tool that designers can use to design easy-to-use interfaces. HCI principles also ensure that the systems have obvious interfaces and do not require special training to be used. Hence, HCI makes computing systems suitable for an untrained community.

Goals ….

The principal objective of HCI is to develop functional systems that are usable, safe, and efficient for end-users. The developer community can achieve this goal by fulfilling the following criteria:

• Have sound knowledge of how users use computing systems
• Design methods, techniques, and tools that allow users to access systems based on their needs
• Adjust, test, refine, validate, and ensure that users achieve effective communication or interaction with the systems
• Always give priority to end-users and lay the robust foundation of HCI

To realize the above points, developers must focus on two relevant areas: usability and user experience. Let’s look at each category in detail:

1. Usability

Usability is key to HCI as it ensures that users of all types can quickly learn and use computing systems. A practical and usable HCI system has the following characteristics:

• How to use it: This should be easy to learn and remember for new and infrequent users to learn and remember. For example, operating systems with a user-friendly interface are easier to understand than DOS operating systems that use a command-line interface.
• Safe: A safe system safeguards users from undesirable and dangerous situations. This may refer to users making mistakes and errors while using the system that may lead to severe consequences. Users can resolve this through HCI practices. For example, systems can be designed to prevent users from activating specific keys or buttons accidentally. Another example could be to provide recovery plans once the user commits mistakes. This may give users the confidence to explore the system or interface further.
• Efficient: An efficient system defines how good the system is and whether it accomplishes the tasks that it is supposed to. Moreover, it illustrates how the system provides the necessary support to users to complete their tasks.
• Effective: A practical system provides high-quality performance. It describes whether the system can achieve the desired goals.
• Utility: Utility refers to the various functionalities and tools provided by the system to complete the intended task. For example, a sound utility system offers an integrated development environment (IDE) that provides intermittent help to programmers or users through suggestions.
• Enjoyable: Users find the computing system enjoyable to use when the interface is less complex to interpret and understand.

2. User experience

User experience is a subjective trait that focuses on how users feel about the computing system when interacting with it. Here, user feelings are studied individually so that developers and support teams can target particular users to evoke positive feelings while using the system.

HCI systems classify user interaction patterns into the following categories and further refine the system based on the detected pattern:

• Desirable traits — satisfying, enjoyable, motivating, or surprising
• Undesirable traits — Frustrating, unpleasant, or annoying

Examples …

Technological development has brought to light several tools, gadgets, and devices such as wearable systems, voice assistants, health trackers, and smart TVs that have advanced human-computer interaction technology.

Let’s look at some prominent examples of HCI that have accelerated its evolution.

1. IoT technology

IoT devices and applications have significantly impacted our daily lives. According to a May 2022 report by IoT Analytics, global IoT endpoints are expected to reach 14.4 billion in 2022 and grow to 27 billion (approx.) by 2025. As users interact with such devices, they tend to collect their data, which helps understand different user interaction patterns. IoT companies can make critical business decisions that can eventually drive their future revenues and profits.

A recent development in the field of HCI introduced the concept of ‘pre-touch sensing’ through pre-touch phones. This means the phone can detect how the user holds the phone or which finger approaches the screen first for operation. Upon detecting the user’s hand movements, the device immediately predicts the user’s intentions and performs the task before the user gives any instructions.

Another HCI-related development is that of ‘Paper ID’. The paper acts as a touchscreen, senses the environment, detects gestures, and connects to other IoT devices. Fundamentally, it digitizes the paper and executes tasks based on gestures by focusing on man-machine interaction variables.

2. Eye-tracking technology

Eye-tracking is about detecting where a person is looking based on the gaze point. Eye-tracking devices use cameras to capture the user’s gaze along with some embedded light sources for clarity. Moreover, these devices use machine learning algorithms and image processing capabilities for accurate gaze detection.

Businesses can use such eye-tracking systems to monitor their personnel’s visual attention. It can help companies manage distractions that tend to trouble their employees, enhancing their focus on the task. In this manner, eye-tracking technology, along with HCI-enabled interactions, can help industries monitor the daily operations of their employees or workers.

Other applications include ‘driver monitoring systems’ that ensure road security. Moreover, in the future, HCI-enabled eye-tracking systems may allow users to scroll through a computer screen just by rolling their eyeballs.

3. Speech recognition technology

It interprets human language, derives meaning from it, and performs the task for the user. Recently, this technology has gained significant popularity with the emergence of chatbots and virtual assistants.

For example, products such as Amazon’s Alexa, Microsoft’s Cortana, Google’s Google Assistant, and Apple’s Siri employ speech recognition to enable user interaction with their devices, cars, etc. The combination of HCI and speech recognition further fine-tune man-machine interactions that allow the devices to interpret and respond to users’ commands and questions with maximum accuracy. It has various applications, such as transcribing conference calls, training sessions, and interviews.

4. AR/VR technology

AR and VR are immersive technologies that allow humans to interact with the digital world and increase the productivity of their daily tasks. For example, smart glasses enable hands-free and seamless user interaction with computing systems. Consider an example of a chef who intends to learn a new recipe. With smart glass technology, the chef can learn and prepare the target dish simultaneously.

Moreover, the technology also reduces system downtime significantly. This implies that as smart AR/VR glasses such as ‘Oculus Quest 2’ are supported by apps, the faults or problems in the system can be resolved by maintenance teams in real-time. This enhances user experience in a minimum time span. Also, the glasses can detect the user’s response to the interface and further optimize the interaction based on the user’s personality, needs, and preferences.

Thus, AR/VR technology with the blend of HCI ensures that the task is accomplished with minimal errors and also achieves greater accuracy and quality. Currently, HCI research is targeting other fields of study, such as brain-computer interfaces and sentiment analysis, to boost the user’s AR/VR experience.

5. Cloud computing

Today, companies across different fields are embracing remote task forces. According to a ‘Breaking Barriers 2020’ survey by Fuze (An 8×8 Company), around 83% of employees feel more productive working remotely. Considering the current trend, conventional workplaces will witness a massive rejig and transform entirely in a couple of decades. Thanks to cloud computing and human-computer interaction, such flexible offices have become a reality.

Moreover, an employee can access data on the cloud from any physical location by exploiting cloud-based SaaS services. Such virtual settings streamline workflows and support seamless collaboration with remote teams across industry verticals without impacting productivity. Thus, with time, the idea of traditional offices will cease to exist, mainly because of SaaS and HCI.