Refugees’ New Infrastructure for Movement
A Digital Passage
While many of us feel we cannot live without the Internet or our cellphones, for refugees, access to digital technologies can be a matter of life or death.
Media reports have highlighted how smartphones are essential and vital for refugees as they travel along perilous routes, contact lost family members, or find safe places before dark. But focusing on a single device misses the bigger picture.
Phones, social media, mobile apps, online maps, instant messaging, translation websites, wire money transfers, cell phone charging stations, and Wi-Fi hotspots have created a new infrastructure for movement as critical as roads or railways.
Together these technologies make up a digital passage that is not only facilitating, but accelerating the massive flow of people from places like Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan to Greece, Germany, and Norway. The tools that speed this passage provide many benefits, but they are also used to exploit refugees — and raise questions about surveillance.
The pictures of Aylan Kurdi, a Syrian boy who drowned off the Turkish coast, shocked the world in September of last year. We learned that the boy’s father texted his sister-in-law in Vancouver as the doomed boat left port. Aylan’s relatives wired money electronically from Canada to pay for human smugglers, who often coordinate using digital devices. The role of technology in this story cuts both ways.
Having led the Annenberg Technology and Human Trafficking Initiative at the University of Southern California for the last five years, I have seen many examples of the dark side of digital tools.
Traffickers use the same technologies we use daily, but they use them to extract profit from those desperately seeking a better life. Human smugglers in Libya and Egypt use Facebook to advertise “trips to Italy.” Mobile phones and messaging services like Viber are a primary means for smugglers to organize illicit boats, trucks, and lodging. Since many refugees are isolated, they are more vulnerable to crimes enabled by digital connectivity. At the same time, mobile tools like WhatsApp and Skype serve as a digital lifeline. I recently spoke to a Norwegian officer working aboard a ship in the Mediterranean that responds to distress signals from refugees calling on cellphones from sinking boats.
The digital passage allows for numerous new ways to track refugees. Every text message, money transfer, social media login, and Wi-Fi connection generates data on refugees as well as smugglers. Companies like Facebook, Vodafone, and Western Union collect and analyze such data for commercial purposes. Yahoo, Google, and others are starting to explore how technology can address refugee issues directly.
Governments, law enforcement, and refugee agencies also collect an array of information on refugees. In the Western Balkans in November, I observed how data is collected at official border crossings. Thousands of people crossing borders daily have their names, photographs, ages, and country of origin recorded multiple times along the journey. National border police and the UN Refugee agency use biometric technologies to take digital fingerprints and eye scans. Some European governments and military contractors use advanced tools such as satellite imagery, drones, and big data analytics to track and monitor individuals crossing borders. Officials and aid workers could use this data to provide needed services to refugees.
And it is tempting to assume that this data can also be used to identify individuals who might pose a threat to safety and security. In July, Europol started monitoring social media for human smugglers, along with terrorists, in an effort that might help. But there can be unintended consequences.
For one, it’s a classic needle in a haystack problem. To find one suspect would require dragnet surveillance of everyone using these services. While the data can help identify individuals with an existing criminal history, big data analytics are less accurate about predicting behavior. The data lends itself to profiling such that the innocent will inevitably be swept up with the suspicious. Technology companies would need to share data with governments and law enforcement, which remains a deeply fraught political issue, particularly in Europe. Another concern is properly securing this data to prevent refugees’ personal information from falling into the wrong hands.
Refugees are among the world’s most vulnerable people.
Undue surveillance towards marginalized populations can drive them off the grid. Both perceived and real fears around data collection may result in refugees seeking unauthorized routes to European destinations. This avoidance strategy can make them invisible to officials and more susceptible to criminal enterprises.
Data collection on refugees should balance security and public safety with the need to preserve human dignity and rights. Governments and refugee agencies need to establish trust when collecting data from refugees. Technology companies should acknowledge their platforms are used by refugees and smugglers alike and improve user safety measures, and we should ask what it means for companies to have such politically charged data. As governments coordinate a response to the crisis, appropriate safeguards around data and technology need to be put in place to ensure the digital passage is safe and secure.
The connection between this humanitarian crisis and data-centric technologies raises a longer term but no less urgent question: Will the sustained digital tracking of refugees along the digital passage affect their prospects for integration at their destination countries? Data can authenticate a refugee’s identity for services in their new home. But how can the disproportionately surveilled hope to become settled in the long term? If we cannot answer these questions, the digital infrastructure that enables movement may prolong refugees’ struggles to find rest.
Points: “Refugees’ New Infrastructure for Movement” is published here under a CC BY license. It is an edited version of Mark Latonero’s For Refugees, a Digital Passage to Europe, posted originally by the Thompson Reuters Foundation. (It was subsequently republished by the Responsible Data Forum.) Mark also spoke about the digital passage with Nora Young on CBC Spark.— Ed.
Mark Latonero, PhD, is a fellow at Data & Society where he leads the Data, Human Rights & Human Security initiative. He is also a Senior Research Fellow at the USC Annenberg School and a Visiting Scholar at New York University.
