How did we get Warm Ups so Wrong?
Science says everything you believe about warm ups is probably incorrect 🙈
Why do cyclists love warm-ups so much? Well lets start with some non-specific physiology….Warm ups are thought to help by raising core and muscle temperature. A single-degree increase *is associated* with higher peak power and performance by two to five percent. BUT this could just be a normal effect of exercising from a cold start. In fact high temps equally cause a deterioration in performance. a heightened core temperature is a primary cause of fatigue. Warm ups might cause improved VO2 response at the start of the race which has been called post-activation potentiation (or PAP). But in most studies, the enhanced VO2 response only lasted a few minutes longer than it did in athletes who didn’t warm up at all.
I am not convinced. But I am sure it helps psychologically; and I am sure it helps with pre-race nervous energy; and it likely helps focus repetitive behaviours but in truth the main reason is likely tradition. Everyone thinks it helps performance but no one quite knows how
Yes, almost everyone thinks warm-ups are a good idea and not just any warm-ups: hard warm-ups, long warm-ups; heck hard long warm ups!
At the TT in Tour of California Team Sky, Lotto, Katusha all followed a similar warm up protocol of 15–25 minutes gradual build z2 thru z4 with a couple neuromuscular sprints. In 2014 Team sky came out and said 10 mins is “not enough”. Training Peaks even suggests a 35min warm up. Wait What? 35mins? My entire ride is often less than that?
Because if they are a good idea, people think more must be better. But this attitude “you cannot get enough of a good thing” is usually wrong. Think about it.
A little coffee good <> too much = bad
A little HIIT training good <> too much = bad
A little weight loss good <> too much = bad
A little rest good <>too much = bad
And the same applies to warm-ups. There is a good case for *some* warm-up before a competitive event but more is not better, it is definitely worse. And after 20 years of excessive warm-ups we finally have the data to prove it.
Questioning the benefits of Warm-ups
The first good evidence “traditional warm-ups” were faulty appeared in 2005. Here is the paper from Hajaglou who studied 8 well-trained road cyclists, doing 3-km time trials, randomly assigned to no warm-up (NWU) vs easy warm-up (EWU) (15 min) vs hard warm-up (HWU) (15 min hard)
What they found the gain in performance was only in the first 1000m in both EWU (48% of gain) and HWU (53% of gain). There were no differences in anaerobic power output during the trials. By the 3000m the benefits were no longer there. Let me repeat, results favoured some warm-ups only for the first 3mins of the event. AND hard warm-ups were no better than easy ones.
Evidence for Warming up before Short Events
In 2011 study Tomaras & MacIntosh published a study in the Journal of Applied Physiology (full text here) brilliantly called “Less is More” comparing a 45-minute traditional track warm-up (riders ramped up to 95 percent of max heart rate followed by four sprints) to a 15-minute warm-up in which riders ramped up to only 70 percent and did one sprint. Less was better, the shorter warm up caused less fatigue and hence high peak power. Experimental WU (peak power output = 1,390 ± 80 W, work = 29.1 ± 1.2 kJ) vs traditional WU (peak power output = 1,303 ± 89 W, work = 27.7 ± 1.2 kJ).
This finding was replicated in a 2015 study, of complex warm-up routine of elite Danish athletes vs a 15-minute moderate spin. 12x highly trained male cyclists performed 3 warm-up strategies lasting 20 min before a 4-min maximal-performance test (PT). Strategies consisted of moderate-intensity exercise (50%iPPO) followed by 6 min of recovery (MOD6) or progressive high-intensity exercise (10–100%iPPO and 2 × 20-s sprints) followed by recovery for 6 min (HI6) or 20 min (HI20). They found that the elite routine reduced performance in a four-minute time trial.
A 2015 study led by Dr. Jordan McIntyre at the Auckland University of Technology Performance Institute found no benefits from VO2 priming in a 3km time trial. In fact, the group with the hardest warm-up (five, 10-second near maximal sprints) had the best VO2 response — but the worst performance.
A 2017 study by Bunn who asses three different warm-up conditions on a 5K cycling time trial (TT); namely a short warm-up of three minutes at 60% VO2max (SW), long warm-up of ten minutes at 60% VO2 max(LW), or no warm-up (NW). Warm-up length was not impactful on 5K TT performance and only had a small benefit in the first 1k.
Evidence for Warming up before Longer TT Events
A 2020 RCT study and (link) from Gil involving 15 male cyclists performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a hard warm-up with sprints. no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.
As it happens, a new study from David Barranco-Gil at the University of Madrid compared two warm-up protocols before a 20-minute cycling time trial. 10 minutes @ 60% VO2 max or 5 minutes @ 60% VO2 max or + 3x 10s sprints. Again, there was no difference in cycling performance between the two warm-ups
In 2020 Vangsoe (citation) randomized 12 well-trained cyclists performed 4 different warm-up strategies prior to completing a maximal-effort 1-km TT. Performance time and power, quadriceps electromyograms, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and blood lactate were measured to determine differences between trials. There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 1-km performance time or in power output or in muscle electromyogram activity, SmO2, and recovery blood lactate concentration were not different between conditions.
What About Warm Ups in Running and Triathlon?
A lesser known 2013 study by Watterdal in sprinters found 60m performance was better for SHORT warmups (8.02 ± 0.10 sec) than for LONG (8.08 ± 0.16 sec) and CON (8.20 ± 0.21 sec) warm ups.
in 2017 Zoudos (citation) studied 16 runners doing 30min timetrials. The warm-up was submaximal running and walking vs sitting quietly for 13 min. There was no effect on performance. But VO2 and mean HR (warm-up = 105 ± 11 bpm vs. control = 67 ± 11 bpm) were statistically greater (p < .001) in the warm-up condition.
The same effect was replicated in 2017 by Tillar, who found no significant differences in running performance variables and physiological parameters were found between the 2 warm-up protocols (long vs short), except for the rate of perceived exertion (citation).
In 2012 Ingram (full text) randomized 800m runners two moderate vs intense warm ups both of 10mins. The actual race times were almost identical (124.5 seconds high vs. 125.7 seconds low ) for high and standard intensities respectively — see figures 1 & 2) but O2 consumption was much higher and blood lactate was sky high after hard warm up.
Conclusion
Warm-ups can help but the evidence suggests short easy warm ups are better. Of course you are welcome to do whatever you find most helpful. A funny thing about exercise science : “riders preference” often beats other options, because once a rider has built a habit, they don’t want to change. We easily become prisoners to tradition. Time and again athletes rejected aero bikes, aero wheels, aero jerseys, long sleeve jerseys, aero helmets because they wanted their old comfortable kit or they wanted a weight saving even on a flat TT. And it’s true the science might say do x but if that drains your motivation, then there will be a problem.
Here is my take away…..
Longer harder warm ups immediately use the metabolic fuel in the blood and muscle you need for the actual event
But wait……about those pros!
“OK, fine, you make a good case, but you didn't explain Wiggins’ 30mins warm up?”. You are not Wiggins, and Pros have roughly 10x the time-to-exhaustion as you (at threshold)….so I would say his 30mins warm up would be roughly the same as a 3min warm up for you.
Warm Up Rules of Thumb
Do less in longer races, and in endurance races (just start slow)
Don’t cool down too much between a warm up and event!
Don’t warm up to the point of fatigue
Don’t feel obliged to follow someone else’s warm up
Finally………
Warm ups are mostly for psychological preparedness, so stop when you are ready to start
