[譯文] 為什麼我們不好意思承認，我們不知道如何寫測試？

為了方便保存資料，將 2010/04 寫的舊文，略作整理後，在這也留一份。

原文見：《Why are we embarrassed to admit that we don’t know how to write tests?》。

前言

這篇帶給我很大的影響。對我來說，明白「可測性是最重要的」是一大里程碑。隨著經驗累積，了解得愈深，愈明白 Miško Hevery 寫得多有道理。當我打算寫心得時，發覺很容易用我的話重說 Miško Hevery 說過的東西，而且還很容易漏講。轉念一想，乾脆翻譯他的文章好了。2010/02 月底時徵得他的同意，中間拖了一陣子，於 2010/04 才完工。感謝 Scott 幫忙校稿，提升翻譯品質。

本文

Take your average developer and ask “do you know language/technology X?” None of us will feel any shame in admitting that we do not know X. After all there are so many languages, frameworks and technologies, how could you know them all? But what if X is writing testable code? Somehow we have trouble answering the question “do you know how to write tests?” Everyone says yes, whether or not we actually know it. It is as if there is some shame in admitting that you don’t know how to write tests.

找出你公司內一般水準的開發者並問他們「你會語言/技術 X嗎？」沒有人會為承認自己不懂 X 而感到不好意思。畢竟有太多程式語言、框架和技術，你怎麼可能全部都會？但若 X 是寫出能被測試的程式呢？不知為何，我們很難回答這個問題：「你會寫測試嗎？」不論我們是否真的懂，每個人都回答會。就如同承認自己不懂寫測試是件很不好意思的事。

Now I am not suggesting that people knowingly lie here, it is just that they think there is nothing to it. We think: I know how to write code, I think my code is pretty good, therefore my code is testable!

我不是暗示人們故意說謊，而是他們認為測試沒什麼大不了的。我們認為「我知道如何寫程式，我覺得我的程式相當不錯，因此程式是可以測試的！」

I personally think that we would do a lot better if we would recognize testability as a skill in its own right. And as such skills are not innate and take years of practice to develop. We could than treat it as any other skill and freely admit that we don’t know it. We could than do something about it. We could offer classes, or other materials to grow our developers, but instead we treat it like breathing. We think that any developer can write testable code.

我個人認為如果我們能意識到可測試性是一個獨立的技術，我們可以做得好多了。這種技術並不是天生就會的，需要經年累月的練習來培養。我們可以將它視為另一項技術並坦率地承認我們不會這項技術。於是我們就能對它做點事。我們能提供課程或其它教材來讓開發者成長，而不是將寫測試的技術視為如同呼吸的能力，好像任何開發者都會寫可以測試的程式。

It took me two years of writing tests first, where I had as much tests as production code, before I started to understand what is the difference between testable and hard to test code. Ask yourself, how long have you been writing tests? What percentage of the code you write is tests?

在我開始了解可測試的程式和難以測試的程式的差別前，我花了兩年的時間先寫測試。在這些程式裡，測試碼的量和產品碼一樣多。問問你自己，你持續寫測試多久了？在你寫的程式裡，測試碼占了百分之多少？

Here is a question which you can ask to prove my point: “How do you write hard to test code?” I like to ask this question in interviews and most of the time I get silence. Sometimes I get people to say, make things private. Well if visibility is your only problem, I have a RegExp for you which will solve all of your problems. The truth is a lot more complicated, the code is hard to test doe to its structure, not doe to its naming conventions or visibility. Do you know the answer?

你可以問這個問題來證明我的觀點：「你如何寫出難以測試的程式？」我喜歡在面試時問這個問題，多數的時候我得到沉默的回應。有時有人回答「隱藏物件」。嗯，如果物件的可見範圍是唯一的問題，我可以給你一個正規表示式讓你解決這問題（譯者注：我猜是在測試程式前先用字串比對把程式內所有 private 換成 public，那就可以測了）。真正的答案複雜許多，是因為程式的結構造成它難以測試，而不是命名習慣或物件的可見範圍。你知道答案嗎？

We all start at the same place. When I first heard about testing I immediately thought about writing a framework which will pretend to be a user so that I can put the app through its paces. It is only natural to thing this way. This kind of tests are called end-to-end-tests (or scenario or large tests), and they should be the last kind of tests which you write not the first thing you think of. End-to-end-tests are great for locating wiring bugs but are pretty bad at locating logical bugs. And most of your mistakes are in logical bugs, those are the hard ones to find. I find it a bit amusing that to fight buggy code we write even more complex framework which will pretends to be the user, so now we have even more code to test.

一開始我們都是一樣的。當我第一次聽到測試時，我立即想到寫一個框架來假裝使用者，使得我能用它來執行被測的應用程式。很自然會這麼想。這類型的測試被稱為使用者端測試（end-to-end-tests）（或是情境測試、大型測試），它們應該是你最後寫的測試，而不是一開始想到的。使用者端測試很適合找出 wiring bugs（譯者注：不知該怎麼翻，請參見 wiring bug 連結的說明），但不適合找出邏輯錯誤。並且，你的多數錯誤會是邏輯錯誤，它們才是難以找到的錯誤。我發覺這有些有趣，為了對抗有錯誤的程式我們卻寫了更複雜的框架來假裝使用者，於是我們有更多程式待測。

Everyone is in search of some magic test framework, technology, the know-how, which will solve the testing woes. Well I have news for you: there is no such thing. The secret in tests is in writing testable code, not in knowing some magic on testing side. And it certainly is not in some company which will sell you some test automation framework. Let me make this super clear: The secret in testing is in writing testable-code! You need to go after your developers not your test-organization.

每個人都在尋找解決測試麻煩的神奇測試框架、技術、知識。然而我有個消息要告訴你：沒有這種東西。測試的祕訣就是寫出能被測試的程式碼，而不是明白測試領域中某種魔法。並且大概不會有某家公司賣你某種自動測試框架。讓我說得更清楚一些：測試的祕訣就是寫出能被測試的程式碼！你需要關注你的開發者而不是你的測試組織。

Now lets think about this. Most organizations have developers which write code and than a test organization to test it. So let me make sure I understand. There is a group of people which write untestable code and a group which desperately tries to put tests around the untestable code. (Oh and test-group is not allowed to change the production code.) The developers are where the mistakes are made, and testers are the ones who feel the pain. Do you think that the developers have any incentive to change their behavior if they don’t feel the pain of their mistakes? Can the test-organization be effective if they can’t change the production code?

現在讓我們想想這點。大部份的組織讓開發者寫程式，接著讓一個測試組織來測試。讓我確保我明白這是怎麼回事，有組人馬寫出無法測試的程式，和另一組人馬分頭試著測試這些無法測試的程式（喔，而且測試小組不被允許改變產品碼）。開發者是錯誤的來源，測試者感受這些痛苦。你認為有任何誘因讓開發者改變他們的行為 — 如果他們沒有為他們製造的錯誤而感到痛苦？在不能改變產品碼的情況下，測試組織能夠有效地作事嗎？

It is so easy to hide behind a “framework” which needs to be built/bought and things will be better. But the root cause is the untestable code, and until we learn to admit that we don’t know how to write testable code, nothing is going to change…

躲在能建造／買來的框架後面是很容易的，事情也會改善。但是問題的根源是無法測試的程式，直到我們學會承認我們不懂如何寫出能被測試的程式，情況不會改變的．．．。

相關閱讀

• Google Tech Talks: The Clean Code Talks — Unit Testing: 內容主旨和這篇文章差不多。Miško Hevery 的口語表達很生動，值得一看。
• Top 10 things which make your code hard to test: 提及文中問題的答案，值得一讀。
• 寫出容易測試的程式: 用簡短實例說明問題和解法。
• 寫測試程式時考慮的三件事: 綜合說明可測性和實作測試碼的重點事項。
• 多想三分鐘，你可以少欠很多技術債: 說明設計時考慮可測性可減少許多不必要的技術債。