Blinky!

Code

So in this article I will just let you all know the places I know and give some overview!!

Number 1 — TRONIC.LK

This shop is located in Nugegoda, they also have a online store, you can get items delivered. Their service is really good and typically they generally have most components, microcontrollers ,soldering equipment , power supplies needed for hobby projects.

Number 2 — Nilambara Electronics

This store is located in kaduwala

Number 3 — Scion Electronics

This store is located in Malabe, near the slitt campus has been there for quite a long time. They also deliver components online through there website. They also have another store in Moratuwa.

Number 4 — Unitec Electronics (Pettah) and Asia Electronics (Pettah)

Located in 1st Cross St, Colombo 01100, they literally have almost everything and the prices are lowest compared to 1,2 and 3. As far as I know they don't have a website but you can WhatsApp them your component list then they package your order and keep to collect from the store.

Pretty crowded most days so it takes some time to buy stuff. And also its quite useful to have a idea of what to buy and go. Closed on Fridays for prayers opens back after

— — — — — — -Thank you! Hope you find this article useful — — — — — — — —

So let me tell you a little story about this incident , while at work we got this chocolate, but unfortunately it was all melted. We didn't have access to a freezer or any way to kinda cool this down and harden it but then we all realized we have some Peltier blocks , I don't know what happened but everyone's mind just suddenly worked at its optimum and we set up with very bad but working set up to cool this down.

In this post lets go deep and understand the science behind all of this!!!

The set up

The setup simply consisted of two Peltier modules just connected this was place on top of a block of aluminum, one side of the Peltier heat up while the other side cools down. In order to maintain the cooling effect, a specific temperature difference between the two sides has to be maintained. Therefore the aluminum block acts as a heat sink cooling down the Peltier as it warms up. (For more theory details check below)

We quickly came to the conclusion that we need to insulate the surface to prevent heat from going inside and also the cool air from coming outside and try to diffuse.

So what is this Peltier?

The TEC1–12706 12V (60W) is a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) that uses the Peltier effect to create a temperature difference between two sides of the device. When an electric current is passed through the TEC, heat is transferred from one side to the other. The side that loses heat becomes cold, and the side that gains heat becomes hot.

The TEC1–12706 12V (60W) is made up of a number of Peltier elements connected together in a series. Each Peltier element is made up of two different types of semiconductor materials, such as n-type and p-type materials. When an electric current is passed through the junction of these two materials, electrons move from the n-type material to the p-type material. As the electrons move, they carry heat with them. The side of the junction that loses electrons becomes cold, and the side that gains electrons becomes hot.

Working Principle

The amount of heat that is transferred by a TEC depends on the size of the current, the type of materials used, and the temperature difference between the two sides of the device. The TEC1–12706 12V (60W) can create a temperature difference of up to 60 degrees Celsius between the two sides of the device.

The TEC1–12706 12V (60W) is a versatile device that can be used for a variety of applications, such as:

• Thermoelectric coolers: The TEC can be used to cool objects, such as food or beverages.
• Thermoelectric heaters: The TEC can be used to heat objects, such as food or beverages.
• Temperature control: The TEC can be used to control the temperature of a device or environment.
• Microelectronic cooling: The TEC can be used to cool electronic components.
• Other applications: The TEC can also be used in other applications, such as dehumidification, thermal imaging, and laser cooling.

Basic Information

• Model: TEC1–12706
• Voltage: 12V
• Current: 6A (max)
• Power: 60W (max)
• Temperature difference: 60 degrees Celsius (max)
• Dimensions: 40mm x 40mm x 3.6mm
• Weight: 30g
• Operating temperature: -30 to 70 degrees Celsius
• Storage temperature: -40 to 85 degrees Celsius
• Humidity resistance: 85% RH
• Life expectancy: 200,000 hours

So finally we became resourceful and accomplished our mission, and we ate chocolateeeee!!! and what more do you need?

____________________ THANK YOU_______________________

What is an abstract?

• An abstract is a summary of a dissertation, research paper or in dept analysis of a subject.

There are a few that needs to be included in the abstract ,

1. A summary of the need for research
2. Research problem/problems
3. Research Aim
4. Summary of the methodology
5. Final Output of the research

Important

• Maximum word count is 250
• No images
• Only one paragraph

If you want to know more indept explanations please refer the below links,

• https://blog.wordvice.com/recommended-verbs-for-research-writing/
• https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/writing-an-abstract-for-your-research-paper/
• https://services.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/471274/Writing_an_Abstract_Update_051112.pdf

*Please note its always best to follow the guidelines of the respective journal conference or specific publication body

So first things first when ever you make any document, always ask your self what's the purpose behind this document? and who will be your audience?

• Purpose: The purpose of your CV is to introduce yourself to potential employers and highlight your skills and experience. It should be tailored to the specific internship you’re applying for, so take some time to research the company and the position before you start writing.
• Audience: Your audience is the hiring manager or recruiter who will be reviewing your CV. They’re looking for someone who is qualified for the position and who would be a good fit for the company culture.

Also Note : usually when you apply for your first internship they don’t expect a lot out of you. But once again it really depends on the place. So the first step would be to like do a bit of research about the company, what are they doing, past interns, what kind of work is expected out of you.

Another important thing is to “Be honest” don't tell stuff that you haven't really done, Because this will give them a false impression of you, and also if they hired you based on those information you wouldn't be very happy working their either. So always be honest so that you can find the best internship for you.

So now usually for these internships alot of people apply, and the people looking through all these CVs are pretty much fed up of reading the same stuff in most CVs. (nowadays most big companies this is pretty much automated for initial selection of basic requirements)

So now that you kinda have a basic idea of what they are looking for, focus on the projects and skills that you have that align with their interests. Highlight these areas in your CV. If there is a specific reason why you are interested in this specific place you can also include that at the bottom just for something additional.

Common Tips

• Try to keep your CV to the point (do not include unnecessary facts or words)
• Clearly include your contact information its preferred to include this at the very top. (your email, phone number, LinkedIn)
• Try to Keep everything within one page. (unless you really have alot of important things to include)
• Include links to any GitHub repositories, CAD models you have done
• If you have a YouTube channel or blog that showcases your work, include that as well.
• Make sure it’s clear, grammatically correct, and easy to read
• I don't see any reason why you should include a picture. (Unless they have specifically mentioned this is not necessary) they are hiring you based on your skills and interests. How you look will only add unwanted biases and is really not necessary.
• Also please check if they want a resume, CV or a Portfolio (A resume is a one- to two-page document presenting key facts about your professional experience, educational background, and skills. A CV (Curriculum Vitae) is a longer document that details the whole course of your career.)
• Don’t just list your skills. Connect your skills to specific projects you’ve worked on.
• Don’t include your GCSEs unless they’re relevant to the internship.
• Be specific. For example, under “Projects,” you could include the following: (The name of the project, Your role in the project, The technologies you used, The results of the project)

• Include links to any code repositories, CAD models, or other work samples you can share.
• Use keywords: When you’re applying for an internship online, your CV will likely be scanned by a computer for keywords that are relevant to the position. Make sure to include relevant keywords throughout your CV.
• Try to follow a clean and simple template. ( I highly recommend you to use Latex or overleaf when making CVs or any professional documentation)
• Get feedback from others. Ask a friend, family member, or career counselor to review your CV and give you feedback.
• Proofread: Before you submit your CV, be sure to proofread it carefully for any errors in grammar or spelling.

Here's a link to a really good video I watched long time ago which I found very useful(watch this and get a idea of how to apply all these tips to action).

Please comment down below if you see something else that’s important which I might have missed.

I hope these tips help you write a great internship CV!

______________________________Thank you__________________________

Condition monitoring refers to the process by which the state of health in a particular machine or induvial components of a machine is monitored for failures. There are 3 main types of condition monitoring

1. Predictive
2. Preventive
3. Run to failure

Predictive maintenance refers to monitoring the equipment at pre-defined time intervals to scan for any possible faults which can then be determine the best and the most efficient time to repair or replace and prevent unexpected breakdowns. One of the most prominent predictive maintenance methods for condition monitoring of bearings is vibration analysis. Others include oil analysis, temperature analysis, sound pressure monitoring etc.

Small overview of vibration analysis

What happens in vibration analysis is so with the help of an accelerometer (what is one) data is collected a faulty bearing will produce certain unique vibrations these can be traced down to identify the fault Generally signal processing techniques like fast Fourier transforms re used

Nowadays there’s AI and machine learning algorithms that can be used to monitor bearing fault online developments like this has reduced sudden failures

What are the parts of a rolling element bearing?

A rolling element bearing is consisting of the following components,

• Inner race/ring
• Outer race/ring
• Cage/separator
• Rolling elements (balls/rollers)

Bearing Fault Frequency Calculations

• BD — Ball diameter.
• NB — Number of balls (rolling elements).
• θ — Contact angle
• PD — Pitch diameter (PD = (D1 + D2) /2)

Stages of Bearing Failures

Based on the sorts of frequencies generated by rolling elements encountering flaws in the inner or outer races, bearing faults are divided into four stages.

Stage 1: Normal /Brand New Bearing Operation

• At this stage the bearing frequencies corresponds to normal operation and the bearing is in good condition. This stage represents a brand-new bearing
• The most detected issue with ultrasonic frequencies ranging from 1,200K to 3,600K cycles per min (20,000 to 60,000 Hz) includes lack of lubrication.
• The frequency spectrum of a bearing at this stage represents shaft frequency and its harmonics (Fernandez, n.d.)

Stage 2: Micro Pitting

• Lack of lubrication in stage 1 left untreated increases the friction and leads to this stage
• Can observe vibrations at high frequencies caused by impacts corresponding to small defects in bearings (micro pitting) causing the natural frequency of the bearing to get amplified
• The measured are generally taken from 1kHz to 20kHz

Stage 3: Increased Wear

• The corresponding peaks of the calculated fault frequencies start to appear
• The greater the wear of the bearing the higher the amplitude of fault frequencies and the respective harmonics
• How the amplitude, harmonics evolve could be used to predict maintenance times

Figure 9 Stage 4 Bearing failure

Stage 4: End of Bearing Life

· This is the final stage of bearing failure, and the bearing is critically damaged (Fernandez, n.d.)

· At this stage there is a loss in all the standard bearing frequencies and the bearing must be replaced immediately and no machine should function with a bearing at this stage

· Random vibration spikes can be observed in the analysis spectrums (Predictive, 2020)

Vibration Analysis of Bearings

Step 1 — Theoretical Fault Frequency Calculations

Depending on the bearing specifications such as pitch diameter, number of balls ect. frequencies produced due to different defects can be calculated. This is then used to identify if frequencies corresponding to calculated values in frequency domain results obtained to identify what faults are present in a bearing

Step 2 — Accelerometer

Measures acceleration of the bearing, acceleration is directly proportional to the force applied over a period. Bearings at different stages of life depending on the faults will produce different vibrations. (Anon., 2022)

Step 3 — Time Domain Analysis

The acceleration data will be plotted with respect to time. First step in analysing data of bearing.

Step 4 — Fast Fourier Transform — Converts the time domain data to frequency domain. This allows the observation peaks at different frequencies

Step 5 — Filtering the signals stage 1 — Use Hilbert transform and butter worth low pass filters to out the noise

Step 7 — Envelope Spectrum Analysis

This algorithm isolates low level repetitive vibrations from machine vibrations enabling more reliable results from vibration analysis. This is done by demodulating the original signal to obtain a new graph with only the fault frequencies

Step 8 — Cepstrum Analysis — This is used to identify the periodic nature of the vibrations and the respective harmonics

Step 8 — Analyze , Analysis of all the results obtained compared to theoretical values and determine the faults in the bearings

Bearing Fault Frequency Calculations

The pitch diameter, ball diameter, and number of rolling elements data was obtained from a journal article referenced here (Deng, 2018)

Baseline Conditions

Fault Conditions

Fundermental Train Frequncy

Ball Pass Frequency Outer (BPFO)

Ball Pass Frequency Inner (BPFI)

Ball Spin Frequency (BSF)

The table below summarizes the bearing fault frequencies and the harmonics.

Analysis of Bearing Data

The data sets consisted of 4 baseline data and 4 faulty data. The baseline data consisted of time domain data of healthy bearings and the faulty data consisting of faulty bearings. The original file names were as follows they were however changed for easier identification.

When it was attempted to average all the 4 baseline files the error below was displayed, it was realized that all the matrices must be the same size for them to be averaged in MATLAB therefore baseline signals of similar matrix size were selected.

The files were opened in MATLAB workspace and similar length files were chosen for synchronous averaging. 1 data set from baseline 2 and 2 data sets from baseline 3 was chosen for averaging.

Baseline Data Analysis

Baseline Data : Time Domain Analysis

Baseline Data : Fast Fourier Transform

This graph was obtained when FTF was applied to the data set from frequency 1 to 500.

FTF plot of baseline data set was zoomed to observe peaks a

Averaged Baseline : Hilbert Transform

Averaged Baseline Signal: Butterworth Low Pass Filter

Envelope Signal Analysis

Averaged Baseline Data: Envelope Spectrum

The graph below represents the full envelope spectrum for all the sampled data it represents

The harmonics calculated was up to 10 therefore another graph was plotted to see the results up to 500Hz. The graphs show peaks at different harmonics of the shaft frequency with decreasing amplitudes.

Averaged Baseline Data: Centrum Analysis

Cepstrum Analysis for the first cycle

Baseline Data Results and Discussion

When analyzing the baseline data 4 data sets of the same length was selected. Then synchronous averaging was done to get more reliable results. After averaging the baseline signal specifications were inputted to MATLAB and time domain, Fast Fourier transform, Hilbert transform, Butterworth filter, envelope signal analysis followed by cepstrum analysis was done.

The table below summarizes the peak observed in the analysis methods incorporated,

In the baseline signal the peaks were observed at frequencies corresponding to the shaft frequency, harmonics related to shaft frequency were observed as well. In addition, in Hilbert analysis and Butterworth a peak at 159 with higher amplitude compared to the rest was observed. This was not aligning with the harmonics of the shaft frequency.

Faulty Data Analysis

• The exact same procedure was repeated and analyzed for the faulty data sets (1,2 and 3)

Faulty Data 1 Results and Discussion

The same procedure as the baseline data was repeated when analyzing faulty 1 data. The table below summarizes the peaks observed in different analysis techniques.

According to the graphs obtained the frequencies the peaks obtained mostly aligns with the BPFO frequencies from theoretical calculations this suggests that the bearing from faulty 1 is due to outer race defects. However, once again there were several frequencies observed that didn’t align with the rest of the trend followed by rest of the results highlighted in red.

Faulty Data 2 Results and Discussion

Faulty Data 3 Results and Discussion

Faulty Data 4 Results and Discussion

Conclusion

4 sets of baselines and 4 sets of faulty data sampled at 48000 samples per min was given, first the data was loaded into mathlab workspace and compatible data for analysis were chosen. Then the following analysis techniques were implemented on the given data

• Time domain analysis
• Fast Fourier Transform
• Butterworth low pass filter
• Hilbert Transform
• Envelope Spectrum
• Cepstrum Analysis

The results obtained for average baseline signal, faulty 1, faulty 2, faulty 3 and faulty 4 is summarized in table 9 below. Baseline signal displayed amplitudes corresponding to the shaft frequency of 28Hz. While faulty 1 and 2 data corresponded to the fault frequencies of BPFO indicating damages to outer race of the bearing. Finally faulty 3 and faulty 4 data showed slight correlations to fundamental train frequencies and its harmonics indicating damages to bearing outer race when it held fixed while inner race is still rotating.

To sum up the results obtained was sufficient to make estimated about the respective bearing defects however too many peaks that was out of trend was observed. Therefore, methods like machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence together with sensor fusion data could be incorporated to improve the reliability and accuracy of the data obtained.

References

1. Anon., 2018. “GETTING” YOUR BEARINGS. [Online]
Available at: https://www.processtechacademy.com/getting-your-bearings/
[Accessed 27 Auguat 2022].

2. Anon., 2022. Measuring Vibration with Accelerometers. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ni.com/en-us/innovations/white-papers/06/measuring-vibration-with-accelerometers.html
[Accessed 27 August 2022].

3. Anon., 2022. ON-AGAIN, OFF-AGAIN RELATIONSHIPS ALWAYS CREATE FRICTION. [Online]
Available at: https://www.processtechacademy.com/on-again-off-again-relationships-always-create-friction/
[Accessed 27 August 2017].

4. Deng, W., 2018. Research on an Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition with Double Thresholds for Feature Extraction. MDPI, p. 24.

5. Elkhatib, P. D. A. M., 2013. Life Prediction of Rolling Element Bearings using , s.l.: Alexandria University.

6. Fernandez, A., n.d. Deterioration stages. [Online]
Available at: https://power-mi.com/content/deterioration-stages
[Accessed 27 August 2022].

7. Muliuk, A. S., 2021. Novel Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using Gaussian Mixture Model-Based Fault Band Selection. Collection Sensors for Fault Diagnosis, Fault Tolerance and Resilient Control, p. 19.

8. Predictive, G., 2020. Understanding the 4 Stages of Bearing Failure to Avoid Costly Repair. [Online]
Available at: https://gtipredictive.com/understanding-the-4-stages-of-bearing-failure-to-avoid-costly-repairs/
[Accessed 27 August 2022].

9. PTOA, 2018. “GETTING” YOUR BEARINGS. [Online]
Available at: https://www.processtechacademy.com/getting-your-bearings/
[Accessed 7 August 2022].

10. Tips, B., 2016. Common bearing types and applications: A Primer. [Online]
Available at: https://www.bearingtips.com/common-bearing-types-applications-primer/
[Accessed 27 August 2022].

Link to the code

• https://github.com/Rashmi95D/BearingConditionMonitoring/blob/main/Code

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Please Note — I am not a dermatologist or a skin care expert, I am just giving my opinion and the information I know after purchasing the product so that anyone else interested in buying this product might find useful. I do not claim anything good or bad rather this is just my personal experience on the product. which I enjoy documenting as a hobby of mine. Also note this is not a paid review.

So I recently got this face cream from spa Ceylon I used it a few times and here's my review

Ingredients List (everything is claimed to be ayuruvedic)

• Aqua/Water
• Stearic Acid
• Octyl Methoxycinnamate
• Niacinamide
• Hamamelis virginiana (Witch Hazel) distillate
• Glycerin
• Aloe barbadense(Aloe vera) leaf extract
• Cetly alcohol
• Benzophenone-3
• Peg 4 olivate
• Caprylic /capric triglyceride(fractionalised coconufera (coconut oil)
• Triethanolamine
• Methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethlybutlyphenol
• Melaleuca altemafolia (tea tree) leaf oil
• Parfum/Fragrance
• Alantoin
• Amica Montana (amica) flower extract
• Titanium Dioxiide
• Nasturtium officinalis (watercress) leaf extract
• Glycynhiza glabra (Licore) root extract
• Tocopherol (natural Vitamin E from Soya)
• Disodium EDTA
• Mentha Pipa extract (pepermint oil)
• Melia azadirachata (ceylon margosa) leaf oil
• Phenoxyethanol
• Hydroxy acetophenone
• Potassium sorbate

Texture Close Up

How the cream Feels on application ?

• The cream has a little bit of a mattifying effect, I like the cooling smell however there's a slight burning sensation maybe its cos my skin is pretty sensitive. But its's a nice feeling.

How I feel about the Product?

• I really enjoy the packaging, the glass jars feels really luxurious and fancy
• The price is quite expensive now it sales for 5200 rupees however for me this jar lasts about a few months so considering that it doesn't seem too much of a bad thing

Deep Dive into the Ingredients (from the internet)

Pros:

• Aqua/Water: The primary ingredient, water, is essential for hydrating the skin.
• Niacinamide: Known for its various benefits, niacinamide helps improve the skin’s barrier function and reduce signs of aging.
• Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadense) leaf extract: Aloe vera is known for its soothing and moisturizing properties, which can be beneficial for sensitive or irritated skin.
• Glycerin: An effective humectant that attracts and retains moisture, keeping the skin hydrated.
• Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) leaf oil: Tea tree oil has antibacterial properties and can be helpful for acne-prone or oily skin types.
• Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract: Licorice extract can help brighten the skin and may have soothing properties.

Cons:

• Octyl Methoxycinnamate: While it provides sun protection, it can be irritating to some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin.
• Benzophenone-3: Another sunscreen ingredient that may cause skin sensitivity or allergic reactions in some people.
• Triethanolamine: This ingredient can be potentially irritating, especially in higher concentrations.
• Fragrance (Parfum): Artificial fragrances can cause irritation and may not be suitable for sensitive skin.
• Phenoxyethanol: While it is a common preservative, some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient.
  Neutral/Needs more information:
• Stearic Acid: It is used as an emollient and may help improve the texture of the moisturizer.
• Peg 4 olivate: This ingredient is not widely known, and its specific role in the moisturizer is unclear
• Caprylic/capric triglyceride (fractionalized coconut oil): Coconut oil can be beneficial for some skin types, but it may not suit everyone, especially those prone to acne.
• Methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol: This is a sunscreen agent, which is useful for sun protection but may cause sensitivity in some individuals.
• Alantoin: It has soothing properties and can be beneficial for irritated or inflamed skin.
• Titanium Dioxide: A physical sunscreen that helps protect the skin from harmful UV rays.
• Nasturtium officinale (watercress) leaf extract: The specific benefits of this ingredient in the moisturizer are not evident from the list.
• Tocopherol (natural Vitamin E from Soya): Vitamin E is an antioxidant that can help protect the skin from free radical damage.

Overall, this face moisturizer appears to contain some beneficial ingredients, such as niacinamide, aloe vera, and glycerin, which are known for their moisturizing and soothing properties. However, it also contains some potentially irritating ingredients like certain sunscreens and fragrances. The suitability of this moisturizer will depend on individual skin types and sensitivities. If you have sensitive skin or concerns about certain ingredients, it’s recommended to perform a patch test first or consult a dermatologist before using the product.

Howevver Do you really need this???

well have a look at this

Awesome video btw and I couldn't agree more!!!!

So what's my final Conclusion

In conclusion, Honestly I don't notice anything too significant in my skin, but at the same time I love the packaging, it feels really refreshing on my skin. Leaves the skin matte and moisturized. Very minty and cooling!!! Important thing to note is the SPF is not sufficient so this cannot replace sunscreen's nice to use!! It lasts a few months and I think its worth the experience!!!

________________THANKSZZZ_________________

We all want to have more money, we all want to be more beautiful, we all want to be more smart, we all want others to like us, we want nice things and we want many things like what I described.

Sometimes even after we get all this things upto a certain extend we are not happy thats becuase thats how it is its within us to be like “I am happy this is enoough” most of us cant do that cos we are so worried about by comparing ourself to the people around us.

We need to accept everything about us, we might not be the smartest person,richest person , most beautiful person in the room. even the most smartest and beuatiful will be worried by comparing themselves to others.

We need to stop comparing accept our truth, then focus on our role as a human being and what we must do to this world each day everything else doesn't matter. We need to accept the child inside us okay with it, and be it.

We need to be comfortable in our own skin, we need to have a pure mind and sincere intentions. when you can do this you come from a place of immense strength, and nothing can shake who you are . Control you or make you unhappy, i think that's the ultimate status any human being can reach. The person who is in this state can live a honest life, live the life they desire to live free of burdens of the world and I believe that's a life worth living.

We all are gonna die at the end, the earth is

Given our current circumstances, we will live for about 80 to 100 years best case scenario. That's way more insignificant in time compared to the age of the earth.

And the universe is approximately

By no means I am telling you to watch TV all day and eat junk food, but we all have a calling inside each of our hearts if we really look deeply and see. We all already know who we are.

Listen to our heart (heart does not mean your emotions, emotions and how you feel is not who you are, its just your response to the world around you) you need to figure out how to differentiate between your emotions and your hearts calling. All this takes time, you will fail, you will get drifted part ways, its a constant process and its the work of a life time. We need to focus on our self, work on our self awareness and keep going forward.

I think theres a fine balance between doing what your heart wants and making stupid decisions. We all need to understand we live in a world where money, place to live, food on the table is pretty important. Dont quit your job and risk it all to follow your dreams, or dont study buissness unless you are already in a position where you have money and connections. You need to do this for you, acces your situation come up with a plan, where you wont end up homeless but at the same time you wont be a slave to other peoples opinions and how the world perceives you. All this upto you you to think and figure out.

Are you gonna live the life that you want to live?

I would like to end my entry with one of my favorite's quotes and a link to a nice video I came across recently.

Link to video:

This is simply a few thoughts from my head, I just decided to state it in case it is helpful for someone else. Things I collected over the years from books, online ect.. and a little bit of me. I am still a work in progress that's the whole beauty of it all .Hope it helps! I am happy to hear back your thoughts in the comments.

Hello Everybody!! Just imagine you were stuck in a island and you had no way of getting out of and you only had

• Arduino
• LEDs
• 160 ohm resistor
• Jumper wires
• Laptop

Lets get started!!!!

What's a LED? Light emitting diode

One terminal is connected to the big side which is the negative terminal while the small and longer terminal is the positive.

The current flow from longer lead to the negative, since a LED is a type of diode they only allow current to pass through in one direction.

Since LEDs are diodes the voltage and current relationship is not linear (when voltage is increased the current goes up)

With these components lets say you keep on increasing the voltage, up until a certain point no current will flow, but after one point a tiny increase in voltage drastically increases the current. In order to limit this current we have to use a resistor along with our LEDs

*Depending on the color of the LED the forward voltage will typically change due to different semiconductor constituents.

So how can we choose what resistor to use with your LED

First get the data sheet of your LEDs, so for our case its around 1.8V

Imax = 20mA (if you need it really bright you might need a bit more current flowing, check the absolute max ratings and adjust your resistor values accordingly)

Using Ohms Law

Voltage drop across LED = 1.8V

Supply voltage minus the voltage drop across the resistor

Voltage drop across resistor = 5V — 3.2V

V = IR

3.2V = 20mA*R

R = 160 ohm (you can use 160 or a little bit greater, the brightness will decrease)

Finally you can just make sure the power rating of your resistor is within the limits.

Circuit Schematic

Setting up the circuit

Link to Code

• https://github.com/Rashmi95D/Morse-code-arduino-/blob/main/Mosrse_Code/Mosrse_Code.ino

Link to Video

___Thank You___