Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes π
Definition:
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where the particles of one substance (solute) are dispersed uniformly throughout another substance (solvent).
Components:
β‘οΈ Solvent: The component present in the larger quantity, determining the physical state of the solution (e.g., water in saltwater).
β‘οΈ Solute: The component present in a smaller quantity (e.g., salt in saltwater).
Types of Solutions:
β Binary solutions: Contain two components (e.g., salt in water).
β Concentrated solutions: Have a high proportion of solute compared to solvent.
β Dilute solutions: Have a low proportion of solute compared to solvent.
β Unsaturated solutions: Have less solute than the maximum amount that can be dissolved at a given temperature.
β Saturated solutions: Have the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature.
β Supersaturated solutions: Contain more solute than would normally be stable at a given temperature.
Concentration Units:
β Mass percentage (%w/w): Grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.
β Volume percentage (%v/v): Milliliters of solute per 100 milliliters of solution.
β Molarity (M): Moles of solute per liter of solution.
β Molality (m): Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Colligative Properties:
Properties that depend on the concentration of the solute particles, not their identity.
β Boiling point elevation: The boiling point of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.
β Freezing point depression: The freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
β Vapor pressure lowering: The vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
β Osmotic pressure: The pressure required to prevent the flow of pure solvent into a solution across a semipermeable membrane.
Originally published at https://www.vhtc.org.